海底地基形位测量仪研制与海上试验研究

为了实现对海洋平台海底地基形位进行高效精细测量,基于多波束测深原理研制了拥有自主知识产权国产首套海底地基形位测量仪;文中给出海底地基形位测量仪的工作原理、系统组成,设计方案和主要关键技术,并在对该设备进行水池测试的基础上进一步开展了JZ20-2MUQ石油钻井平台海上外场实地测量试验研究,并对测量数据进行了细致处理获得了平台桩腿受冲刷影响形成的坑形信息;与传统潜水员探摸结果进行比对的结果表明该设备技术先进、测量结果有效可信,可以为海洋平台地基基础测试分析与安全评估提供重要的桩基形位信息。     

南黄海中部海底沉积物剪切波速度测量及其与物理力学性质参数的关系

采用弯曲元剪切波测试方法对在南黄海中部采集到的沉积物样品进行了剪切波速度测试,基于所获得的剪切波速度数据,分析了研究区沉积物剪切波速度特性及分布规律。分析表明,沉积物剪切波速度为12.05~74.55m/s,总体相对较低。浅表层沉积物剪切波速度呈现出分区域分布特征,可分为东北部低速区、西南部高速区、北西-南东向梯度带以及测区东南部的低速背景上的串珠状高速异常区四个区域。通过回归分析,建立了剪切波速度与密度、含水率、孔隙比、孔隙度、液限、塑限、压缩系数、抗剪强度等沉积物物理力学参数之间相互关系的经验回归公式。回归分析结果表明,海底沉积物剪切波速度与上述物理力学参数之间均具有较好的相关性,相关系数R均大于0.80。     

华北中元古代浅海碳酸盐沉淀方式变化:海水氧化还原条件波动的响应?*

海相碳酸盐的沉淀方式被认为与水体氧化还原条件密切相关,即太古宙至古元古代缺氧的铁化海水中碳酸盐沉淀抑制剂Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺强力抑制灰泥在水柱中成核,但允许文石直接在海底生长,从而导致大量文石以海底沉淀方式产出,而新元古代适度的氧化海水则有利于灰泥以水柱沉淀方式形成。然而,碳酸盐沉淀方式的长期变化还可能受控于其他因素,其与海水氧化还原条件之间的关系还需要通过大量具体实例来验证。针对上述科学问题,笔者选择碳酸盐沉淀方式尚处于过渡时期的华北中元古界碳酸盐岩为研究对象,开展碳酸盐沉淀方式及与之对应的氧化还原条件研究。结果表明,华北高于庄组三段(约1.56 Ga)、雾迷山组四段下部(约1.48 Ga)和铁岭组二段(约1.44 Ga)发育大量灰泥水柱沉淀,其Ⅰ/(Ca+Mg)值较高(普遍大于0.5 μmol/mol)、Ce负异常(低至0.8),指示适度氧化的条件;而高于庄组四段下部(约1.55 Ga)和雾迷山组二段中部(约1.50 Ga)则发育大量纤维状文石海底沉淀,其Ⅰ/(Ca+Mg)值约为0,指示次氧化至缺氧的环境。因此,本研究首次用大量实例证实了前寒武纪海水氧化还原条件对碳酸盐沉淀方式的重要调控作用,并且后者可作为海水氧化还原条件分析的重要指标,适用于高效开展长序列、多剖面的低氧背景下前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层的氧化还原条件分析。     

世界海底富钴结壳资源分布特征

大洋富钴结壳资源是潜在的海底金属资源。文章对富钴结壳资源在太平洋、大西洋和印度洋分布的数据进行收集、整理、筛选、建库,从全球角度出发,对富钴结壳的分布特征进行了分析和对比。研究发现,海山、洋脊、海盆和陆坡4种地貌的Co品位分别为0.70%、0.46%、0.50%和0.43%,海山地貌更有利于高Co品位结壳的产出。三大洋中,太平洋海山富钴结壳矿点的分布比例占到了已知总数的73.3%,说明太平洋海山区是世界海底富钴结壳资源主要的产出区。根据入库数据的分布特点,在全球划分出10个富钴结壳成矿区,结合结壳的厚度和分布水深,从各成矿区中划分出富集区,并按照2 cm厚度和4 cm厚度的标准分别对富集区的富钴结壳资源量进行了估算。计算结果显示,太平洋富矿区的富钴结壳质量最好,w（Mn）、w（Co）、w（Ni）、w（Cu）平均分别为23.00%、0.66%、0.44%、0.09%,干结壳资源量分别为2426.33 Mt、70.30 Mt、48.75 Mt、10.30 Mt;按4 cm厚度指标,w（Mn）、w（Co）、w（Ni）、w（Cu）平均分别为23.70%、0.58%、0.48%、0.11%,干结壳资源量分别为1184.53 Mt、29.76 Mt、24.53 Mt、5.01 Mt。     

Alpine ocean seafloor spreading and onset of pelagic sedimentation: new radiolarian data from the Chenaillet-Montgenèvre ophiolite (French-Italian Alps)

Radiolarians of Middle Jurassic age (tentatively middle Bathonian) provide the first direct age determination from oceanic sediments associated with the Chenaillet-Montgenèvre ophiolite (Piemonte zone, French-Italian Alps). This datum obtained from radiolarites of the Lago Nero- Replatte thrust sheet is older than those previously established on ophiolite sedimentary covers from this segment of the western Alps. It also shows that Lago Nero-Replatte basal radiolarites are anterior to the youngest intrusives from the overlying Chenaillet s.s. thrust sheet. This chronological relationship implies either a late seafloor spreading-related magmatic activity in places younger than adjacent initial pelagic sedimentation, or more likely that the Lago Nero-Replatte and the Chenaillet s.s. thrust sheets are distinct and distant pieces of lithosphere that were eventually stacked together: the Lago Nero-Replatte unit was trapped within the accretionary wedge while the Chenaillet s.s., of a younger age and in a more distal position with regards to the European margin, was obducted. Regionally, the Lago Nero-Replatte sediments appear to be coeval to other Bathonian supraophiolitic radiolarites exposed in the western Alps. These results strengthen the Bathonian correlation of widespread seafloor spreading in both western Tethys and the central Atlantic ocean.     

Fast Double Selectivity Index-CFAR Detection Method for the Multi-Beam Echo Sounder

Abstract

Seafloor terrain and water column target detection is of great significance in marine surveys. However, the complex clutter environment can dramatically affect the detection performance of a multi-beam echo sounder. To simultaneously and robustly detect the seafloor terrains and water column targets, this paper proposes a fast two-dimensional double selectivity index-constant false alarm rate (DSI-CFAR) detection method. A two-dimensional cross sliding window, which includes reference cells and guard cells, is used in this paper. The proposed method improves the detection performance by using the appropriate clutter power level estimation strategies in different directions. An exponential model is accurately built by fitting various distributions, so the DSI-CFAR detection performance is greatly ameliorated. To reduce the computational load of the method, this paper uses a fast algorithm based on the global threshold. The region of interest (ROI) is selected by the preset global threshold, and the DSI-CFAR detector is only performed in the region of interest, which significantly reduces the number of pixels that must be calculated. In this paper, the measured results of different sliding windows and CFAR detection methods validate the basic performance of the proposed method.     

基于 Biot-Stoll 模型声速反演中的参数选择——以南海南部沉积物为例

研究海底表层沉积物性质对海洋矿产资源探测、海洋工程建设等有重要的意义。Biot-Stoll模型可以模拟预测海底沉积物的物理性质,但采用不同的参数模拟的效果不同。Stoll参数是各种海洋环境下模型达到最佳预测的单一数值的形式;Schock参数则是对渗透率、孔隙大小、沉积物孔隙曲折度等修改后的函数表达式形式,更接近沉积物实际情况。采用Stoll参数和Schock参数分别计算了南海南部海区海底沉积物纵波速度,并对南海南部沉积物样品进行了计算和实测对比,结果表明,采用Stoll参数计算误差较大,平均为3.962%;采用Schock参数计算误差较小,平均为0.847%。因此,在南海南部海区采用Schock参数预测海底表层沉积物物理性质更准确。     

A generic swath‐mapping data format

There is a pressing need for standardization of data derived from bathy‐metric swath‐mapping systems. Currently several dozen multibeam and sidescan sonar data formats exist within the oceanographic community, and more can be expected as new systems are developed. Without some standardization of swath‐mapping data formats, the capability for use and integration of data from different systems will be severely compromised.

This paper presents a strategy for organizing swath bathymetry data in a logical modular fashion that will allow data from all current swath bathymetric sonar systems to be stored and accessed in a common fashion. We have chosen the approach of defining compact efficient modules for each logically independent portion of a data record and storing it in a manner that is portable between diverse computer architectures and operating systems. This approach is extensible to accommodate new types of data. Although specifically developed for swath bathymetry, this format is also capable of supporting digital sidescan data and other types of swath data.     

Installation of ocean bottom bases for observation of seafloor crustal movement

Abstract

Ocean bottom bases (OBBs) have been installed on both sides of the axis of the Sagami Trough east of the Izu Peninsula, central Japan, as the first step toward long‐term geodetic and geophysical observations at the plate boundary (subduction zone). The OBB is a platform for seafloor measurements; otherwise it is difficult to find an appropriate place for precise seafloor measurements in the subduction zones. It is made of a nonmagnetic concrete block of size 1100 × 1100 × 500 mm. It was lowered from a ship using a winch wire and installed on a predetermined place with its position being monitored by an acoustic transponder system and a 30‐kHz bottom pinger with an accuracy of about 2 m.

It was confirmed later during the divings on board the submersible Shinkai 2000 that the OBB was installed on a flat mud bottom in normal condition. No change has been recognized in the installation condition in 3 years; the OBB is stable enough to be used for acoustic range measurements on the seafloor as well as for several geophysical measurements.

The resolution of seafloor range measurement can be improved by two orders by using phase measurement techniques with the aid of pulse compression. Precise acoustic range measurement of the order of 10^?5 is feasible under the following conditions: two‐way measurements between the two OBBs installed on the slope facing each other with angles larger than 1.5°. Correction is necessary for the effect of long‐term temperature variation.