吉林通化下四平石膏矿矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复方案探讨

矿山由通化县远程矿业有限责任公司开发,由于矿山生产对周边地质环境造成危害,需对矿山活动引发或加剧的地质环境问题及其影响做出现状评估和预测评估,提出矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复方案。     

新世纪上海地区相对海平面变化影响因素及预测方法

针对传统相对海平面变化分析方法均将理论海平面变化和地面沉降进行的叠加分析,本文讨论和分析了近20年来全球理论海平面上升速率加快背景下的区域海平面变化速率,利用灰色线性回归组合模型预测上海地区海平面变化趋势。考虑了上海地面沉降发展的新特点,以及长江流域来沙显著减少和河口大型工程建设对上海地区相对海平面变化的影响。在流域来沙量显著减少但来水量变化不大情况下,流域大坝的坝下冲刷使得河槽刷深,河口水位降低,同时长江口深水航道整治工程和促淤围垦工程束狭入海口,使得潮位站水位发生变化,两者的综合效应是目前研究长江口相对海平面变化时必须考虑的重要因素。     

基于RS与GIS的南汇东滩围垦研究

RS和GIS技术是滩涂围垦监测最经济和有效的方法之一。本文基于1983年以来多期遥感影像,解译出了不同时期人工岸线的位置,在此基础上利用GIS技术分析了近30年来南汇东滩的围垦过程及其与滩涂淤涨速率的关系。结果表明,近30年来南汇东滩的围垦过程呈现＂由慢至快＂的发展趋势,经历了＂缓慢—稳步—高速＂三个发展阶段：（1）1983～1995年年均围垦速率约1.23km2/a,圈围速率较小;（2）1995～2000年为7.95km2/a,围垦速率处于稳步增长阶段;（3）2002～2005年为35.27km2/a,是围垦速率最大的阶段。2002年以前,围垦速率与滩涂淤涨速率基本一致,2002年之后,围垦速率远大于滩涂淤涨速率。本文认为8km2/a是南汇东滩适宜的围垦速度。2002年之后南汇东滩的快速围垦并没有导致上海整体滩涂面积的减少,围垦可不囿于局部滩涂面积的稳定,以全市总体滩涂面积和湿地水平的动态平衡,可为滩涂资源开发利用提供现实选择。     

Effect of reclamation time and land use on soil properties in Changjiang River Estuary,China

The objective of this study is to analyze soil physical and chemical properties,soil comprehensive functions and impact factors after different years of reclamation.Based on the survey data taken from 216 soil sampling points in the Fengxian Reclamation Area of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary,China in April 2009 and remotely sensed TM data in 2006,while by virtue of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA),geo-statistical analysis (GA),prin-cipal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA),it was concluded that:1) With the in-crease in reclamation time,soil moisture,soil salinity,soil electric conductivity and soil particle size tended to decline,yet soil organic matter tended to increase.Soil available phosphorous tended to increase in the early reclamation period,yet it tended to decline after about 49 years of reclamation.Soil nitrate nitrogen,soil ammonia nitrogen and pH changed slightly in different reclamation years.Soil physical and chemical properties reached a steady state after about 30 years of reclamation.2) According to the results of PCA analysis,the weighted value (0.97 in total) that represents soil nutrient factors (soil nitrate nitrogen,soil organic matter,soil available phosphorous,soil ammonia nitrogen,pH and soil particle size) were higher than the weighted value (0.48 in total) of soil limiting factors (soil salinity,soil elec-tric conductivity and soil moisture).The higher the F value is,the better the soil quality is.3) Different land use types play different roles in the soil function maturity process,with farmlands providing the best contribution.4) Soil physi-cal and chemical properties in the reclamation area were mainly influenced by reclamation time,and then by land use types.The correlation (0.1905) of the composite index of soil function (F) with reclamation time was greater than that with land use types (-0.1161).     

大城市边缘区农村居民点用地空间布局优化研究——对上海南汇地区的考察

大城市边缘区农村居民点用地存在用地粗放、布局散乱、难于规范管理等问题。以大城市边缘区农村居民点用地整理为契机,优化空间布局不仅有利于形成农村经济新增长点,还可促进农村居民点土地集约节约利用。在分析当地农村居民点用地现状及其分布状况的基础上,以典型地区——上海南汇地区为例,对其空间分布的随机性进行了检验,对农村居民点用地按标准偏差分类,并进一步按欧氏空间距离对大于2.25标准偏差的地块进行聚类分析。结果显示:南汇地区农村居民点用地的空间分布并不是随机分布,可分为远离中心类和集聚中心类两种类型。依据结果,提出了"远离中心方案"和"集聚中心方案"两种不同的农村居民点用地整理方案。     

围垦工程引起多年海岸冲淤演变的经验计算方法

提出了一个改进的经验公式,用以计算围垦工程引起的淤泥质海岸多年冲淤演变。该经验公式假定在年时间尺度上,地形变化与潮流场变化具有密切联系。引入了一个冲刷折减系数,将传统公式的适用范围从淤积计算拓展到可以同时计算冲刷和淤积。建立了冲淤率年际变化与水深变化之间的关系式,可节省计算时间。将改进公式应用于江苏沿海小庙洪水道,较好地复演了边滩围垦工程影响下周边地形在3年时间内的演变,表明所改进的公式具有一定的可靠性。     

20世纪50-70年代的围湖垦殖与江汉平原湖泊湿地演化

利用相关资料并借助RS/GIS方法对20世纪50-70年代的大规模围垦情况进行了初步分析。结果表明:20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代0.1km2以上的湖泊总量分别是1309个、611个、612个、838个,湖泊总面积分别是8503.7km2、5467.5km2、2934.3km2、2977.3km2。湖泊数量和面积减少与围湖垦殖关系密切,江汉湖区平均面积变化率为65.0%,围垦具有明显的区域差异特征。围湖垦殖与江汉平原湿地演化关系密切,围湖垦殖降低了江汉平原湿地演化的可持续性。     

清末西垦对毛乌素沙地的影响

以历史文献、地方档案及古今地图为主,采用政区和地名演变考证的方法,逐一复原了清代末年(1902~1908年)在鄂尔多斯中、南部地区,即今伊金霍洛旗、鄂托克旗、鄂托克前旗、乌审旗及鄂尔多斯市区放垦的范围,这些复原的放垦地带或在今毛乌素沙地边缘地带或远离毛乌素沙地。文章通过对清末放垦背景及过程的分析,认为放垦避开了土质低劣易于沙化脆弱地段,所以清末放垦对毛乌素沙地沙漠化发展起的作用有限。     

Quantification of stability improvement of a dump through biological reclamation

An integrated study on biological stabilisation of a dump slope has indicated that biological reclamation with grass and tree species should be considered for long term stability of this coal mine dump in India. The grasses have greater soil binding capacity and help to control soil erosion and improve dump stability. Native grasses such as Bamboo (Dendrocalmus strictus) and Kashi (Saccharum spontaneum) are the important constituents of grass species which can stabilise the dump slopes. Field observation of growth performance of grasses have indicated that mean grass height, root depth and below-ground root biomass are 185 cm (±68), 45 cm (±5) and 467 g m^–2 (±170), respectively after three years of grass growth on Mudidih overburden dump slope in India. The growth performance of tree species, namely Sisum (Dalbergia sisoo) and Subabool (Leucena lecocephala), in terms of height, diameter increment, below-ground biomass and root depth have shown mean values of 219 cm (±94), 48 mm (±6), 4.0 kg m^–2 (±1.5) and 1 m (±0.1), respectively. This acts as biological fertility which helps in root proliferation and enhancement of dump stability. From the numerical modelling it is suggested that roots of these grass and tree species have significantly enhanced the factor of safety of dump from 1.4 to 1.8 and therefore have a positive role in maintaining long term stability.     

论北半球三大温带草原农垦与沙漠化的关系

我国东北西部和内蒙中东部,与北哈萨克斯坦、美国中西部大平原为北半球温带三大肥沃草原。雨量在300~ 400mm之间,地形平坦,气候适宜于畜牧业,实为天然的殷实草原。文章根据调查材料和文献提供了有关这三大草场大规模农垦旱作以致变成沙荒、沙漠化土地和尘源的一些信息。