Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Total Mass Flux around Coral Reefs in the Southern Ryukyus,Japan

Total mass flux, size distribution of sediment particles and some chemical components such as total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) were monitored monthly using a multi-cup sediment traps at seven coral reef sites (6 reef flat and 1 reef slope) of the Marine Protected Areas around Ishigaki, Kohama, Kuroshima and Iriomote Islands in the southern Ryukyus, Japan from September 2000 to September 2001. The size distribution of trapped sediments revealed mostly uni-modal fine sand to mud in the reef flat and gravelly to coarse sand in the reef slope. The total mass flux ranged between 0.54 to 872 gm⁻²d⁻¹, and showed a pronounced seasonality (high in summer-autumn and low in spring) at each site, which was consistent with the rainfall and typhoon regime. Exceptionally high values were observed on the reef slope (Iriomote) in February–March 2001 (1533 gm⁻²d⁻¹) owing to a large amount of bottom sediment re-suspension. On the reef flat (Todoroki South and North; Ishigaki), values obtained in July–August 2001 (872 gm⁻²d⁻¹) and August–September 2001 (800 gm^{− 2}d⁻¹) indicate the high terrestrial discharge from Todoroki River. Trapped sediment particles consist of CaCO₃ (1.2–27.1%) and a non-carbonate fraction (98.8–72.9%), which contains total carbon (4.9–26%), carbonate carbon (CO₂-C) (0.2–3.1%) and non-carbonate carbon (NC-C) (7.9–25.6%). Total nitrogen content was in the range 0.02–0.48%. TN is contained mainly in the carbonate fraction and NC-C may be contained in the non-carbonate fraction. The low TN/OC ratio of the trapped sediments suggests that they were mostly of terrestrial origin and that both fractions migrated. The high total mass flux derived from Todoroki River exceeded the threshold at which a lethal effect on coral community is caused. The results stress the importance of conducting seasonal studies of sedimentation over more than one year and at more than one location in south Japan coral reef ecosystems to gain an understanding of the processes controlling the total mass fluxes and their nutrients content, also to develop an awareness of how to prevent the damage of coral reef ecosystems and, if it does occur, to allow mitigation measures to be undertaken.     

云贵高原湖泊沉积物─水界面碱度扩散通量研究

于1991-1995年间5次在云贵高原泸沽湖、洱海湖和贵州阿哈湖、百花湖的湖心采集沉积物柱芯、界面水和湖水样品，通过其pH值和HCO-3浓度剖面及界面碱度扩散通量的研究，首次定量评估高原湖泊界面扩散作用上覆水体碱度的影响程度。研究结果表明，云贵高原某些湖水寄宿时间相对较长、湖水深度相对小的湖泊，界面扩散作用是水体碱度的重要来源之一;湖水寄宿时间较短、深度较小的湖泊，界面扩散对上覆水体的影响可以忽略不计。     

Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Flux of Nutrient Elements to the Southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Based on the recent research results on dry and wet deposition of nutrient elements and sulphate,we estimate the atmospheric flux of nutrient elements and sulphate to the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in each season.The results suggest that the concentrations of nutrient elements and sulphate in aerosol and precipitation show an apparent seasonal cycle with the maximum values in winter and the minimum values in summer.Depositions of nitrate and sulphate are dominated by wet deposition,while the deposition for phosphate is mainly dry deposition.Moreover,compared with the riverine inputs,the atmospheric deposition may be the main source of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.     

Decadal Variability of Subsurface Temperature in the Central North Pacific

Decadal variability of subsurface temperature in the North Pacific has been investigated. Two dominant regions were found; the central subarctic region (CSa) and the north-eastern subtropical region (NESt). In CSa, cooling (warming) of wintertime subsurface temperature corresponds to the large (small) temperature gradient and southward (northward) shift of subsurface temperature front, associated with the increase (decrease) of positive wind stress curl and the southward (northward) shift of curl τ zero line with 2 years delay. It is suggested that the relocation of subtropical-subarctic boundary plays an important role. In NESt, importance of heat flux through the sea surface and heat divergence in the Ekman layer is also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

云贵高原湖泊沉积物─水界面碱度扩散通量研究

于１９９１－１９９５年间５次在云贵高原泸沽湖，洱海湖和贵州阿哈湖，百花湖的湖心采集沉积物柱芯，界面水和湖水样品，通过其ｐＨ值和ＨＣＯ３浓度剖面及界面碱度扩散通量的研究，首次定量评估高原湖泊界面扩散作用上不体碱度的影响程度，研究结果表明，云贵高原某些湖水寄宿时间对较长，湖水深度相对小的湖泊，界面扩散作用是水体碱度的重要来源之一，湖水寄宿时间较短，深度较小的湖泊，界面扩散对上覆水体的影响可以忽略不地。     

长江生源要素的输出通量

长江是太平洋西岸最大的河流,它源源不断地向东海输送大量物质,是舟山渔场的重要化学物质基础,不仅对长江口海区以至整个东海有举足轻重的影响,对太平洋的影响也是不可忽视的。本文报道颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶     

热带太平洋-印度洋上层热含量年际变化的主模态

利用多种海洋资料,采用经验正交函数分解(EOF)与合成分析等方法研究了热带太平洋-印度洋热含量年际变化的主要模态及其对应的转换过程。结果表明其第一模态对应El Nino事件成熟位相时的空间分布,即热带西太平洋和东印度洋为一冷中心,西南印度洋和赤道东太平洋为暖中心;第二模态对应着El Nino事件过渡期的空间分布,太平洋10°N附近以及赤道带为变化中心,而印度洋的变化中心主要在苏门答腊岛西部的赤道东印度洋海区。这2个模态基本刻画了ENSO循环过程中热带两大洋热含量变化的关键海区。利用合成分析结果与EOF分解结果的相似性,探讨了EOF分解前两个模态之间的转换过程,发现第一模态可能主要是通过海洋波动的传播过程调整到第二模态的,而第二模态还可以作为El Nino或La Nina事件的预报因子。此外,分析结果还表明,El Nino事件与La Nina事件对应的热含量变化并不是反对称的。     

Design of ship's bow form by potential-based panel method

A surface panel method treating a boundary-value problem of the Dirichlet type with the free surface is presented to design a three-dimensional body corresponding to a prescribed pressure distribution. The free surface boundary condition is linearized with respect to the oncoming flow, and computed by four-point finite difference scheme. Sample designs for submerged spheroids and Wigley hull are carried out to demonstrate the stable convergence, the effectiveness and the robustness of the method. The design of a 5500TEU container carrier is performed with respect to reduction of the wave resistance. To reduce the wave resistance, calculated pressure on the hull surface is modified to have the lower fluctuation, and is applied as a Dirichlet type dynamic boundary condition on the hull surface. The designed hull form is verified to have the lower wave resistance than the initial one not only by computation but also by experiment.     

北太平洋海面异常风场的时空分布特征与海气热量交换

用北太平洋（含赤道太平洋区）１９４９～１９７９年的ＣＯＡＤＳ资料，通过矢量ＥＯＦ分解得到北太平洋异常风场的分布型及其时间变化规律。分析表明，ＥＯＦ１～５场与大气活动中心、海洋相互作用有联系，具有明显的天气学意义。此外，还讨论了ＥＯＦ异常风场间的转换及其季节性差异。     

南海上层海洋热含量的年际和年代际变化

分析了1959—1988年南海表面至100m垂直平均温度（TAV）资料，结果表明：南海上层海洋热含量存在明显的准两年、4—5年和年代际振动。在E1Nino年，南海上层热含量显著增加。50年代末至70年代初，南海TAV为负距平，此后转为正距平。南海TAV的变化与ENSO事件、东亚冬季风和热带大气环流的变异密切相关。