夏季西藏4个站点大气向下长波辐射观测分析

对2011—2016年部分夏季时段分别在西藏那曲、拉萨、林芝和阿里观测的大气向下长波辐射（L_↓）进行分析,结果显示:L_↓具有明显的日变化,最大值出现在北京时间15:00前后,而最低值出现在凌晨至10:00,日平均值林芝最高（368 W·m-2）,其次是拉萨（319 W·m-2）、阿里（305 W·m-2）和那曲（299 W·m-2）。晴天L_↓ ?ngstr?m（1915）的经验公式最适合林芝,而Konzelmann（1994）的公式则适合那曲、拉萨和阿里;随着人工观测总云量的增加,L_↓增强趋势明显,满云（云量7~10成）情形4个站点云增强效应均从20 W·m-2上升至50 W·m-2以上,低云量对L_↓的增强效应明显高于总云量。云份额数（C_F）上升所对应天顶方向平均云底高度下降,但云增强效应上升。在晴天（C_F为-5%~5%、平均云底高度大于4 km）时,云增强效应仅为5 W·m-2左右（林芝接近20 W·m-2）,但当C_F为90%以上（云底高度小于3.5 km）时,云增强效应则上升到60 W·m-2（林芝接近50 W·m-2）。固定云底高度,C_F与L_↓云增强效应呈显著相关（r2为0.91~0.97）,远高于云底高度与L_↓云增强效应的相关（r2为0.32~0.58）。     

Precise geoid determination over Sweden using the Stokes–Helmert method and improved topographic corrections

 Four different implementations of Stokes' formula are employed for the estimation of geoid heights over Sweden: the Vincent and Marsh (1974) model with the high-degree reference gravity field but no kernel modifications; modified Wong and Gore (1969) and Molodenskii et al. (1962) models, which use a high-degree reference gravity field and modification of Stokes' kernel; and a least-squares (LS) spectral weighting proposed by Sj?berg (1991). Classical topographic correction formulae are improved to consider long-wavelength contributions. The effect of a Bouguer shell is also included in the formulae, which is neglected in classical formulae due to planar approximation. The gravimetric geoid is compared with global positioning system (GPS)-levelling-derived geoid heights at 23 Swedish Permanent GPS Network SWEPOS stations distributed over Sweden. The LS method is in best agreement, with a 10.1-cm mean and ±5.5-cm standard deviation in the differences between gravimetric and GPS geoid heights. The gravimetric geoid was also fitted to the GPS-levelling-derived geoid using a four-parameter transformation model. The results after fitting also show the best consistency for the LS method, with the standard deviation of differences reduced to ±1.1 cm. For comparison, the NKG96 geoid yields a 17-cm mean and ±8-cm standard deviation of agreement with the same SWEPOS stations. After four-parameter fitting to the GPS stations, the standard deviation reduces to ±6.1 cm for the NKG96 geoid. It is concluded that the new corrections in this study improve the accuracy of the geoid. The final geoid heights range from 17.22 to 43.62 m with a mean value of 29.01 m. The standard errors of the computed geoid heights, through a simple error propagation of standard errors of mean anomalies, are also computed. They range from ±7.02 to ±13.05 cm. The global root-mean-square error of the LS model is the other estimation of the accuracy of the final geoid, and is computed to be ±28.6 cm. Received: 15 September 1999 / Accepted: 6 November 2000     

一次冷空气强风的成因分析

文章分析了2004年12月底的一次冷空气强风过程,揭示了冷空气南下与东海低压的发展造成的气压梯度、高低空较强的冷平流以及中低空辐合辐散差异引起的动力强迫下沉作用所造成的动量下传是造成本次猛烈强风的主要原因.最大强风发生区域和发生时间既与低层和中层700hPa分别转为辐散和辐合中心对应,又与中低层700hPa以下正好处于下沉速度中心附近对应.     

从航磁资料延拓出海面磁场

因延拓深度有限,现有的位场向下延拓方法不能从航磁资料向下延拓出海面的磁场.位场大深度向下延拓方法——迭代法,可以从航磁资料向下延拓出海面的磁场,得出与航磁同比例尺的海面磁力图,可大大提高海洋磁测成果的综合利用率.介绍了迭代法位场延拓原理.用迭代法对实际资料进行了处理,讨论了误差产生的原因.对比了迭代法与快速傅立叶变换法(FFT)在位场向下延拓中的效果,迭代法显著优于FFT法.     

航空矢量重力测量水平分量向下延拓的输入输出法

研究航空矢量重力水平分量向下延拓的输入输出法，并以EGM2008计算的东向分量为例进行仿真实验，在不同的噪声水平下对比分析单输入单输出法和双输入单输出法的向下延拓效果。实验结果表明，当东向分量的精度为1.5 mGal时，单输入单输出法和双输入单输出法均能实现稳定向下延拓；当东向分量的精度为6 mGal时，单输入单输出法的延拓效果不可靠，而双输入单输出法能实现稳定向下延拓。     

基于少量地面控制的航空重力测量

提出6种少量地面重力测量布设方案和4种基于少量地面控制的航空重力测量数据处理方法，建立基于最小二乘配置的格网平均重力异常的融合模型，有效地估计出了航空重力数据可能存在的系统偏差，提高了格网数据的质量。     

重力数据的多尺度边缘分析及其应用(英文)

In order to improve the processing and interpretation of gravity data, multiscale edge theory in image processing is introduced into the study of gravity field. Multiscale edges of gravity anomaly are analyzed based on a special wavelet. It shows that the multiscale edges are the extrema points of the horizontal gravity gradient at different heights, which are related to the sharp discontinuities of underground sources. The applications of multiscale edge in downward continuation and gravity inversion are discussed. The simulated examples show that the multiscale edges can be applied to stabilize the downward continuation operator when the continuation height is low. The multiscale edges also have a convenient application to infer the geometry of the underground source. Moreover, the gravity inversion algorithm based on the multiscale edges has a good antinoise property. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40704003), the National 973 Program of China(No.2007CB714405), the Open Research Fund from Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy(No.04-01-08).     

Analysis of Determinants for an Enhanced and Long-lasting Coastal Convective System by Means of a Case Study(26 July 2011)

A precipitation system developed continuously along the western coastline of the Korean Peninsula and created considerable precipitation both along the coast and inland on 26 July 2011. In this study, the causes for this nearshore convective system are investigated from observations and the results of model experiments. Three-dimensional radar fields clearly show that a change of wind at the surface border played an important role in the development of the nearshore convection system. The simulation results, which are very similar to the observations, show that the surface border generated and maintained the convergence zone. The roughness change enhanced the convergence, and the interaction between the deepening cold pool and downward flow maintained the convergence zone. The surface mechanical discontinuity affected by the roughness change between sea and land formed the convergence (gradient of wind stress),which induced momentum transfer to the upper layer. The cold pool created a steep gradient of potential temperature and provided the reason for the propagated convergence zone with the downward flow. The maximum value of the surface change factor, which comprises the influencing factors for the long-lasting convective system, reflects the enhancement of the system at the coast.     

联合使用位模型和地形信息的陆区航空重力向下延拓方法

为了规避传统逆Poisson积分向下延拓解算过程的不适定性问题,借鉴导航定位中的"差分"概念,利用超高阶位模型直接计算海域航空重力测量向下延拓改正数的方法。本文在此基础上提出联合使用重力位模型和地形高数据,计算陆部航空重力向下延拓总改正数的改进方案,以飞行高度面与地面对应点的位模型差分信息表征总改正数的中长波分量,以相对应的局部地形改正差分修正量表征总改正数的中高频成分,从而实现航空重力数据点对点向地面的全频段延拓。在地形变化不同区域,联合使用EGM2008位模型、地面实测重力和高分辨率高程数据进行了实际数值计算和精度评估,验证了该方法的有效性。     

信息化设计施工在机场高填方边坡工程中的应用

信息化设计施工是一种动态的设计施工方法,通过施工过程中的施工信息,掌握工程岩土体的工作状态,从而调整优化初始设计施工方案。本文分析了机场高填方边坡的主要施工信息,提出了信息化设计施工的工作模式,并以西南某机场扩建工程为例,介绍了机场高填方边坡信息化设计施工的实际工程应用。这种设计施工模式在实际工程中取得了较好的应用效果。