长牡蛎可溶性黑色素的脱盐研究

该研究是继天然长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)黑色素的提取、可溶性长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)黑色素的制备之后,对牡蛎黑色素提纯方面的进一步拓展和延伸。运用半透化学材料分离的方法,选取纳滤透析膜为分离介质,对可溶性长牡蛎黑色素的制取产物中多余的盐类无机物进行分离剔除,进而得到纯度较高、品质优良的可溶性长牡蛎黑色素晶体,通过称质量和盐度测量,计算得出该方法对黑色素脱盐率达到98%,证明了该方法可以进行贝类黑色素的脱盐处理工作。     

Impacts of blending on dilution of negatively buoyant brine discharge in a shallow tidal sea

A fine-resolution three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is applied to study the dilution of desalination brine discharged into a tidal sea. Based on given inflow rate and salinity excess of discharge brine, this study explores variations in mid-field dilutions when other low-salinity wastewater is added to the discharge. Findings reveal that this blending leads to a decrease in dilution in the mixing zone and therefore to higher levels of pollutants in this zone, while, on the other hand, the mixing zone occupies a smaller area. The reason is that the discharge of brine creates a density-driven flow that operates to partially remove effluent from the discharge location. This removal is less efficient for the decrease in density excess of the discharge. Hence, in an ambient sea of moderate mixing, blending can be expected to increase the risk of marine pollution in the mixing zone.     

泡沫镍为集流体的膜电容去离子脱盐性能研究

文章为了解决淡水资源短缺这一严峻的问题，考虑将能耗小、无化学再生等优点的膜电容去离子技术作为基础，对其进行改进与优化，即将低电阻、高比表面积和高孔隙率的泡沫镍替代传统集流体。并利用改进后的装置进行实验，分别探讨电极材料、电压和盐水流速等因素对脱盐效率的影响。将未加电极材料和加3种不同的活性炭作为电极材料的装置进行脱盐实验，根据结果得出，在脱盐过程中起主要作用的仍然是电吸附过程，通过进一步对电极材料进行表征，讨论得出脱盐效率与比表面积和孔径分布均有关系。随后在最优电极材料的条件下，讨论得出最优的操作条件，即在施加电压为1.6 V、盐水流速为10 mL/min下可以达到最佳的脱盐效率，吸附量为8.9 mg/g。且通过长时间的吸脱附实验得出电极材料AC1具有良好的再生能力。     

Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: general framework

Abstract

Semi-arid coastal zones often suffer water-stress, as water demand is high and markedly seasonal, due to agriculture and tourism. Driven by scarcity of surface water, the communities in semi-arid coastal regions turn to aquifers as prime water source; but intensive exploitation of coastal aquifers causes seawater intrusion, which degrades the quality of groundwater. The cost-efficient and sustainable development of coastal aquifers can be achieved through a holistic management scheme which combines two non-traditional water sources: (a) saltwater, to be treated to the desired quality, and (b) wastewater, to be re-claimed to augment aquifer recharge for control of seawater intrusion, and also to meet certain demands. This management scheme is based on the idea that it is cost-advantageous to: (i) desalt brackish groundwater, instead of seawater, as the former requires far less energy, and (ii) to re‐use wastewater at only the differential cost to any treatment already practiced. In this paper, we present the general framework of the proposed management scheme, and a decision aid tool (DAT) which has been developed to assist decision makers to explore the scheme's decision space. The DAT uses cost as optimization criterion to screen various management scenarios, via modelling of the dynamic natural-engineered system behaviour, and identifies those cost-efficient ones that meet the water demand and achieve aquifer protection.

Citation Koussis, A. D., Georgopoulou, E., Kotronarou, A., Lalas, D. P., Restrepo, P., Destouni, G., Prieto, C., Rodriguez, J. J., Rodriguez-Mirasol, J., Cordero, T. & Gomez-Gotor, A. (2010 Koussis, A. D., Georgopoulou, E., Kotronarou, A., Mazi, K., Restrepo, P., Destouni, G., Prieto, C., Rodriguez, J. J., Rodriguez-Mirasol, J., Cordero, T., Schwartz, J., Ioannou, C., Georgiou, A. and Zacharias, I. 2010. Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers in water-stressed regions via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: application to the Akrotiri basin and aquifer, Cyprus. Hydrol. Sci. J, 55(7): 1234–1245. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: general framework. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7),1217–1233.     

Geometry and dynamics of the freshwater—seawater interface in a coastal aquifer in southeastern Spain

Abstract

The contact between freshwater and seawater in coastal aquifers is studied using a relatively simple model for homogeneous aquifers. However, for real aquifers it is not so simple. The desalination plant built to supply water to the city of Almería is situated over the aquifer in the southern part of the River Andarax Delta. Its design capacity is 1100 L s^?1, and it is supplied from boreholes pumping water from beneath the freshwater—seawater contact in this aquifer. Well logs kept over a period of two years have allowed us to accurately define the interface geometry of the freshwater—seawater contact. Lithological data collected from 31 boreholes have also indicated the existence of strata with low hydraulic conductivity, within others of high conductivity. During a simultaneous pumping test of six wells with 690 L s^?1 total discharge, electrical conductivity measurements showed the influx of seawater 6–10 m below sea level and a drawdown of the interface in the piezometers closest to the pumping wells.     

海水淡化排放的高盐废水对海洋生态环境的影响

盐度是海洋环境中最重要的生态因子之一,每种生物各有其适宜生长盐度要求,当环境盐度超过该范围时,生物体的生长、发育、生殖、行为和分布都会受到影响.近10年来,随着淡水资源紧缺和海水淡化处理成本的下降,海水淡化厂数量急剧增加,大量浓盐水进入海区导致受纳海域盐度升高.高浓度盐水给海洋生态环境带来许多负面影响,有关浓盐水的海洋生态安全问题备受人们关注.在总结和分析浓盐水对海洋浮游生物、底栖动物、甲壳类动物、鱼类和海草等影响的基础上,指出海水淡化厂排放的高盐废水对海洋生态的潜在威胁,浓盐水的排放使一些经济水产种类产量减少,给渔业资源和海洋经济带来损失.不同地域环境对海水淡化厂排放水的敏感程度不同,且潮流、海流和水团等水文因素以及海水淡化厂的日处理量和规模等因子决定了排放的高盐废水对海域生态影响的程度.为减少排放的高盐废水对出水口附近海域的影响,提出了海水淡化工程合理规划和布局的可行措施,要选择水体交换良好的海域作为海水淡化工程所在地,对排水口要进行因地制宜地设计,做好高盐废水的再利用工作,以最大限度地减少排放的高盐废水对海区环境的负面影响.建议对海水淡化厂附近海域进行有针对性的水质调查和监测,并做好环境风险影响的评价工作;制定及完善相关的法律法规,建立统一的高盐废水排放标准,而该标准则要以排放的高盐废水对当地海洋生态不造成较大的影响为依据,使海水淡化产业的发展有法可依.     

Impact of the brine from a desalination plant on a shallow seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow

Although seawater desalination has increased significantly over recent decades, little attention has been paid to the impact of the main by-product (hypersaline water: brine) on ecosystems. In the Mediterranean, potentially the most affected ecosystems are meadows of the endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica. We studied the effect of brine on a shallow P. oceanica meadow exposed to reverse osmosis brine discharge for more than 6 years. P. oceanica proved to be very sensitive to both eutrophication and high salinities derived from the brine discharge. Affected plants showed high epiphyte load and nitrogen content in the leaves, high frequencies of necrosis marks, low total non-structural carbohydrates and low glutamine synthetase activity, compared to control plants. However, there was no indication of extensive decline of the affected meadow. This is probably due to its very shallow situation, which results in high incident radiation as well as fast dilution and dispersion of the brine plume.     

核能在海水淡化中的应用

文章介绍了采用核动力的海水淡化技术概念及其核能与海水淡化的结合方式，分析了各种结合方式的优缺点，指出采用核能进行大规模海水淡化将成为今后沿海地区解决淡水资源短缺的主要方式之一。     

渤海海冰淡化利用研究进展与问题

海冰是低温条件下的海水冻结物,在我国渤海,每年冬季有4个月左右的结冰期,形成大范围的海冰。海冰具有灾害性,常对冬季海上运输及海洋生产构成危害,但因其含盐量较低,海冰还具有资源性,有可能以较低成本转化为淡水。自1995年以来,我国学者开展了渤海海冰淡化利用研究,在国家有关项目的大力支持下,已在海冰资源特性、资源量估算、海冰淡化技术和海冰水农业利用等方面均取得了一系列重要的研究进展。本文是对这些研究进展及尚需解决问题的综述。     

反渗透技术在宁夏南部山区人饮工程中的应用及发展

分析了反渗透膜的分离机理、特性及影响膜性能的主要因素,对反渗透系统在宁夏南部山区人饮工程中的应用做了分析与评价,并对其在未来的应用和发展提出自己的看法。