颤藻对6种抗生素敏感性的研究

蓝藻是一种原核藻类,其结构和遗传复杂性同革兰氏阴性菌相似,具有独立的遗传结构—质粒和天然的转化和重组系统,所以蓝藻不仅是植物光合作用、叶绿体起源和植物进化研究的理想材料,还可能成为高等植物基因表达的重要宿主[1]。     

节旋藻和螺旋藻对7种抗生素敏感性的比较研究

对两种丝状蓝藻(钝顶节旋藻和盐泽螺旋藻)在基因工程中常用作选择试剂的7种抗生素——氯霉素、氨苄青霉素、红霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素和新霉素的敏感性作比较实验.结果表明,两种蓝藻对抗生素的敏感性既有共同的特点,也有明显的差异.它们对红霉素、氯霉素和链霉素最敏感,致死浓度分别为0.1,0.5和5μg/cm3.两种蓝藻对氨苄青霉素比较敏感,1μg/cm3的氨苄青霉素即可抑制Arthrospira.341和Spirulina.351的生长,但6d后生长恢复.Arthrospira.341和Spirulina.351对卡那霉素、庆大霉素和新霉素均有抗性,而且存在很大差异:300μg/cm3的卡那霉素对Arthrospira.341的生长仍然没有影响,但对于Spirulina.351,50μg/cm3的卡那霉素即对其生长有明显抑制作用;200μg/cm3的卡那霉素即可将其全部致死.200μg/cm3的庆大霉素和300μg/cm3的新霉素不能抑制Arthrospira.341和Spirulina.351的生长,但在这两种抗生素环境中两种藻的生长状态有很大差异.并验证了氯霉素、红霉素和链霉素是节旋藻和螺旋藻基因转化过程中的有效的抗性选择剂,也从对抗生素敏感性方面表明节旋藻和螺旋藻两个属的遗传差异.     

Macrophytes’ Performance in Floating Treatment Wetlands for the Remediation of Ciprofloxacin-Contaminated Water

The presence of trace antibiotics in domestic and industrial effluents poses a risk of toxicity to fauna and flora. The application of floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) is a low-cost and sustainable approach to remediate wastewater. In this study, the performance of different macrophytes vegetated in FTWs for the remediation of ciprofloxacin (CIP)-contaminated water is investigated. Six macrophytes, Brachia mutica, Typha domingensis, Phragmites australis, Canna indica, Cyperus laevigatus, and Leptochloa fusca, are vegetated in FTWs for the removal of CIP (50 mg L⁻¹) from water. The FTWs show the potential to remove 30–43.58 mg L⁻¹ CIP from water in 28 days. They also reduce the chemical oxygen demand (118–138 mg L⁻¹) and biochemical oxygen demand (35–45 mg L⁻¹) of water. Among the macrophytes, C. indica removes maximum (43.58 mg L⁻¹) and T. domingensis minimum (30 mg L⁻¹) CIP. Canna indica and T. domingensis exhibit the maximum and minimum increase (30% and 12% of dry biomass) in growth, respectively. This study reveals that the FTWs vegetated with different plant species exhibit varying performances in removing CIP from water. This investigation is a step forward toward sustainable bioremediation of water contaminated with antibiotics.     

宁波月湖水体中抗生素的分布与生态风险评价

为探讨城市湖泊中抗生素的污染分布特征和生态风险,以宁波月湖为研究对象,利用固相萃取、超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）对月湖水体抗生素进行分析,并采用生态风险熵值法（RQ）和混合抗生素的风险法（MRQ）评价磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类、林可霉素（LIN）等10种抗生素的生态风险情况.结果表明：氨苄西林（AMS）的检出浓度最高,浓度变化范围在ND~382.0 ng/L;其次为头孢氨苄（LEX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）、LIN、阿奇霉素（AZM）、磺胺噻唑（STZ）、磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）、泰乐菌素（TYL）和磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）,浓度范围分别为ND~283.0、ND~267.0、ND~219.0、31.50~209.0、ND~147.0、7.34~109.0、ND~104.0、ND~80.50和20.40~57.30 ng/L.月湖水体中10种目标抗生素的水平总体上高于自然湖泊,尤其β-内酰胺类和LIN在城市湖泊中广泛存在.生态风险评估的结果表明,LIN、TYL、SMX、NOR、AMS的生态风险值（RQ）值均大于1,具有高的生态风险;其余5种抗生素处于中或低的生态风险水平.本研究为城市湖泊抗生素生态风险问题的深入研究提供了一定的科学依据和基础.     

再生水入渗区典型抗生素分布特征与地下水微生物群落影响因素研究

再生水入渗携带的抗生素污染是地下水污染的来源之一,已经成为城市地下水资源的安全中不可忽视的问题。抗生素对复杂和脆弱地下水环境中的微生物群落及其功能的影响值得关注。本研究基于利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序方法,对3月和9月两个月份再生水渗入区城市地下水中微生物群落结构进行分析。结合现场调查测试和室内分析,测得样品中离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、NH~+₄、F~-、Cl~-、SO■、NO~-₃、NO~-₂、HCO~-₃、CO■)浓度,并采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术测得主要的抗生素浓度(环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、磺胺吡啶和磺胺醋酰),对研究区地下水环境中微生物群落结构及与环境因子的响应规律进行探讨。结果表明：(1)研究区内3月份地下水中抗生素浓度要高于9月份整体抗生素浓度,以磺胺醋酰和环丙沙星为主,此外除了季节因素外,人类活动可能是影响抗生素分布的又一因素;(2)微生物群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria,81.0...     

近海污染物对海洋浮游植物生长及生化组成影响的比较研究

威氏海链藻(Thalassiosira weissflogii)属沿海中心硅藻纲,是海洋硅藻的模式种之一。实验探讨氮营养盐(硝酸盐,N,c(N)分别为8.0,16.0,32.0,64.0μmol/L)、石油烃(0号柴油分散液,WAFs,c(WAFs)分别为0,0.1,0.5,1.0,5.0 mg/L)、抗生素(土霉素,c(OTC)分别为,0,1.0,3.0,5.0,10.0 mg/L)等3类近海常见污染物对威氏海链藻细胞生长及生化组成的影响。结果表明,3类近海常见污染物对藻生长(即藻细胞密度)、叶绿素a合成、蛋白质生成、藻细胞抗氧化能力(即超氧化物歧化酶活性)、脂质过氧化(即丙二醛含量)的影响程度分别为WAFsNOTC、NOTCWAFs、NWAFsOTC、WAFsNOTC、OTCNWAFs;影响程度的差异,揭示了近海各污染物的毒性作用机制及靶位不同。     

三种海洋微藻叶绿素a含量对抗生素胁迫的响应变化

实验室条件下,研究不同抗生素胁迫对小球藻(Chlorella vulgarisBeij.)、金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana Parke8701.)和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closteriumEhr.)生长的影响。结果表明:1)低于100μg.mL-1的氯霉素作用下,小球藻和金藻8701叶绿素a含量变化与对照组无明显差异;小新月菱形藻叶绿素a含量显著降低。2)不同浓度梯度的遗传霉素(G418),均显著抑制3种微藻叶绿素a含量的增加。3)青霉素浓度低于100μg.mL-1时,能够促进3种藻叶绿素a的增加,但不同微藻间叶绿素a含量的相对增长率存在明显差异。试验结果可为微藻的基因工程选择标记和无菌培养体系的建立提供参考。     

广西青狮潭水库水体喹诺酮类抗生素的分布特征及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱法对桂林市青狮潭水库喹诺酮类抗生素（氧氟沙星（OFX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、环丙沙星（CIP）、恩诺沙星（ENR））进行监测,并分析其污染来源和生态风险.结果表明：青狮潭水库水体中氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星的检出浓度范围分别为50.00~660.13、3.70~5.00、3.49~6.22和4.59~6.06 ng/L;与国内河流抗生素浓度水平相比,青狮潭水库水体中喹诺酮类抗生素浓度处于中等偏低水平;青狮潭水库水体喹诺酮类抗生素浓度与水体理化性质的相关性分析表明：NOR浓度与pH相关性极显著、与浊度相关性显著,CIP浓度与总磷浓度相关性显著,OFX和ENR浓度与理化指标无显著相关性;生态风险评价结果表明青狮潭水库东湖区、西湖区水体中OFX存在高风险,NOR、CIP与ENR处于中等风险水平.     

Use of inhibitors for coastal bacteria and phytoplankton: Application to nitrogen uptake measurement

For several decades, prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhibitors have been used to exclude bacteria from microalgal cultures and for investigating prey-predator relationships. Recently there has been considerable interest in using specific inhibitors for studying the interactions between bacteria and phytoplankton, by selective repression of either organism’s activity. The effectiveness of chemical inhibitors must be tested before applying them to natural communities to partition metabolic activities between functional groups. Six different antibiotics selected from the most commonly reported in the literature were tested, at concentrations varying from 12.5 to 100 mg L⁻¹, for their effect on bacterial growth and functional diversity of natural communities from Mediterranean coastal waters. Penicillin and streptomycin each at a final concentration of 100 mg L⁻¹ significantly reduced bacterial growth within 2 h. There was a greater impact on bacterial functional diversity when both antibiotics were mixed together. This mixture did not have any significant effect on the growth of selected cultured phytoplankton strains, whereas the eukaryote inhibitor cycloheximide at 100 mg L⁻¹ reduced growth within 2 h of incubation. The penicillin–streptomycin mixture and cycloheximide alone successfully partitioned NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ uptake between bacteria and phytoplankton bi-weekly sampled in a coastal lagoon in Autumn, where bacterial contribution to total NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ uptake averaged 46 and 41%, respectively. The use of specific inhibitors may be a valuable method for studying interactions, such as competition and mutualism, or lack of interaction between the different components of microbial communities and could be used to study their relative importance in biogeochemical fluxes.     

掺杂氮、硫的石墨烯材料对磺胺类抗生素的吸附行为

水环境中抗生素污染日益严重。本研究制备了掺杂氮、硫的新型石墨烯材料(GO-NS),研究了其对磺胺类抗生素(Sulfonamides,SAs)的吸附和去除能力,并阐明吸附机制。研究发现,GO-NS对SAs的最大吸附量达100.26 mg·g^-1,吸附能力优于多层石墨烯(Multilayer graphene,MG)和还原氧化石墨烯(Reduced graphene oxide,rGO)这两种传统石墨烯材料。疏水作用和氢键作用是GO-NS吸附SAs的主要机理。相比于MG和rGO,GO-NS适用的pH范围最广,在pH=2~10范围内均具有较强的吸附效果,并且离子强度和腐殖酸(Humicacid,HA)的加入提升了GO-NS的吸附性能。此外,GO-NS仅通过短时间超声可实现有效的剥离分散,使吸附量增加。故该新型石墨烯材料GO-NS具有优越地吸附SAs的能力和广泛的环境适应性,可作为治理水环境中SAs污染的一种有效吸附剂。