Oxidative dissolution of pyritic sludge from the Aznalcóllar mine (SW Spain)

As a result of the collapse of a mine tailing dam, a large extension of the Guadiamar valley was covered with a layer of pyritic sludge. Despite the removal of most of the sludge, a small amount remained in the soil, constituting a potential risk of water contamination. The kinetics of the sludge oxidation was studied by means of laboratory flow-through experiments at different pH and oxygen pressures. The sludge is composed mainly of pyrite (76%), together with quartz, gypsum, clays, and sulphides of zinc, copper, and lead. Trace elements, such as arsenic and cadmium, also constitute a potential source of pollution. The sludge is fine grained (median of 12 μm) and exhibits a large surface (BET area of 1.4±0.2 m² g⁻¹).

The dissolution rate law of sludge obtained is r=10^{−6.1(±0.3)} [O₂(aq)]^0.41(±0.04) a_H+^0.09(±0.06) g_sludge m⁻² s⁻¹ (22 °C, pH=2.5–4.7). The dissolution rate law of pyrite obtained is r=10^{−7.8(±0.3)} [O₂(aq)]^0.50(±0.04) a_H+^0.10(±0.08) mol m⁻² s⁻¹ (22 °C, pH=2.5–4.7). Under the same experimental conditions, sphalerite dissolved faster than pyrite but chalcopyrite dissolves at a rate similar to that of pyrite. No clear dependence on pH or oxygen pressure was observed. Only galena dissolution seemed to be promoted by proton activity. Arsenic and antimony were released consistently with sulphate, except at low pH conditions under which they were released faster, suggesting that additional sources other than pyrite such as arsenopyrite could be present in the sludge. Cobalt dissolved congruently with pyrite, but Tl and Cd seemed to be related to galena and sphalerite, respectively.

A mechanism for pyrite dissolution where the rate-limiting step is the surface oxidation of sulphide to sulphate after the adsorption of O₂ onto pyrite surface is proposed.     

柱撑蒙脱石改性磷铵及其增效机理研究

本通过Keggin离子制备了柱撑蒙脱石，并对其进行了酸化处理。盆栽试验研究表明，利用柱撑蒙脱石和酸化柱撑蒙脱石对磷酸二铵进行改性试验处理，生物量显高于磷铵对照，氮素和磷素利用率显提高。X射线衍射技术和红外光谱对改性磷铵进行结构研究表明，其晶体结构发生了较大的变化，这种变化减少了氮的损失和磷在土壤中的固定，从而提高磷铵氮磷的生物有效性。     

Removal of cyanide from aqueous solutions by plain and metal-impregnated granular activated carbons

In this study, the removal of free cyanide from aqueous solutions by activated carbon was investigated. Effects of metal impregnation (Cu and Ag), aeration, and concentrations of adsorbent and cyanide on the rate and extent of the removal of cyanide were studied. The results have shown that the capacity of activated carbon for the removal of cyanide can be significantly improved (up to 6.3-fold) via impregnation of activated carbon with metals such as copper and silver. Silver-impregnated activated carbon was found to be the most effective at the reduction of cyanide level in solution. This appeared to be coupled with its comparatively high metal content after impregnation process where silver (5.07%) could be more readily loaded on activated carbon than copper (0.43%). Kinetics and equilibrium data for cyanide removal by plain and metal-impregnated activated carbons were determined to be consistent with the pseudo second-order kinetics and the Langmuir adsorption isotherms, respectively. Aeration (0.27 l/min) was found to exert a profound effect on the process leading to a 5.5–49.1% enhancement in the performances of plain and metal-impregnated activated carbons. This enhancement could be attributed to the increase in the availability of active sites on activated carbon for adsorption and the catalytic oxidising activity of activated carbon in the presence of oxygen. Practical limiting capacity of plain, copper- and silver-impregnated activated carbons for the removal of cyanide were experimentally determined to be 19.7, 22.4 and 29.6 mg/g, respectively.     

Geotechnical properties of municipal sewage sludge

The geotechnical properties of municipal sewage sludge, in particular those pertinent to the handling and landfilling of the material, are presented. Index, drying, compaction, shear strength and consolidation tests were conducted on the material at different states of biodegradation. The organic content and specific gravity of solids were found to be inversely related, with typical organic contents of 50–70% and specific gravity of solids values of 1.55–1.80. The density of the compacted material was low in comparison with mineral soils. Standard Proctor compaction yielded a maximum dry density of 0.56 tonne/m³ at 85% water content. Laboratory vane-shear and triaxial compression tests indicated that, below about 180% water content, the shear strength of the sludge material increased exponentially with reducing water content. Consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests on the pasteurised sludge material indicated an effective angle of shearing resistance of 32° for the moderately degraded material and 37° for the strongly degraded material. Biogas was produced at rates of up to 0.33 L/day/kg slurry due to ongoing biodegradation and the resulting pore pressure response must be taken into account in any stress analysis. Consolidation tests using the hydraulic consolidation cell, oedometer and triaxial apparatus indicated that the sludge material was highly compressible although practically impermeable, for example the coefficient of permeability for the moderately degraded slurry was of the order of 10⁻⁹m/s. However, creep deformation was significant with typical coefficient of secondary compression values of 0.02–0.08 for the compacted material. A more free-draining material was produced at higher states of biodegradation.     

聚铁改性絮凝剂的合成与水处理试验

研究了一种通过用聚铁改性来制备聚硅酸硫酸铁的方法,考察了改性剂中的SiO2质量分数、铁硅比、活化时间、pH值等参数对PFSS(聚硅酸硫酸铁)性能的影响,并进行了水处理实验。结果表明,PFSS制备适宜参数条件为SiO2质量分数为2.0%、铁硅比10∶1、活化时间4.0h,此时其对原水中的浊度和高锰酸盐指数去除率可分别达到98.4%～72.4%,处理后的原水达到饮用水的水质要求。     

阴离子树脂-活性炭分离富集等离子体发射光谱法测定富钴锰结壳中的痕量金银铂钯

采用717阴离子树脂活性炭联合交换分离富集技术,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定富钴锰结壳中痕量金、银、铂、钯。方法检出限四元素分别为:Au1. 3、Ag0. 4、Pd0. 6、Pt4. 8ng/g。样品加标回收率在89. 0% ~110. 3%,相对标准偏差3. 5% ~7. 8% (n=4)。方法已用于富钴锰结壳中痕量金银铂钯的测定。     

SBR、PAC-SBR反应器处理制药废水污泥变化特征

探讨了SBR和PAC-SBR反应器处理盐酸林可霉素原料液生产废水过程中活性污泥特征的变化.随着废水投加量的增加,PAC-SBR反应器的污泥性能始终优于SBR反应器,但是由于盐酸林可霉素原料液生产废水对生物有较强的抑制作用,PAC-SBR反应器和SBR反应器中污泥的活性均发生恶化,COD去除率已明显下降,单独采用SBR或PAC-SBR法处理已难以达到排放标准,必须进行工艺的组合.PAC-SBR反应器较SBR反应器在污泥性质及处理效率上均有一定的改善,对处理盐酸林可霉素原料药生产废水有一定的优势.     

WC类硬质合金胎体材料的试验研究

介绍一种ＷＣ类硬质合金胎体材料配方,在胎体材料中添加了微量磷元素,通过其活化作用,使硬质合金材料在１０６０℃温度下烧结成型,并通过调节配方中的Ｃｏ－Ｎｉ含量,使其具 备了所需要的机械性能。并扼要介绍了以ＹＧ１２－Ｎｉ８－Ｐ０．２硬质合金为胎体材料的人造金刚石复合体。     

河南信阳上天梯膨润土制备高效活性白土试验研究

上天梯膨润土属于钙基膨润土,主要矿物成分是钙质蒙脱石。矿石的胶体分散性较差,阳离子交换总量较低,主要的可交换阳离子是钙、镁离子。蒙脱石的晶体化学结构研究表明,蒙脱石有较高的有序度和较大的层电荷,因此,上天梯膨润土适合于制备高效活性白土。试验讨论了酸性活化、固液比及活化时间对产品质量的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。对原矿进行捣浆提纯后,用16％～20％的硫酸溶液对膨润土进行活化,活化时间 6～8小时,固液比1∶2。制得的活性白土的脱色力达156～218,活性度大于222m.mol/100g ,其质量达到和超过了国家行业标准和同行业该产品的指标,脱色效果良好。