“百合”台风对海表温度及水色环境影响的遥感分析

利用SeaWiFS及NOAA卫星资料,基于均值合成算法,分析了"百合"台风对海表温度(SST)、海表叶绿素a浓度及海水透明度的影响,结果表明,整个研究海域(22°～30°N、121°～131°E)的平均SST从台风前的25.48℃下降到22.45℃,平均下降幅度为12.95%.在台风盘旋的中心区域(26°～28°N、123°～127°E),SST平均下降了5.40℃,下降幅度达21.20%,SST下降最大的是9月14日,整个研究海域平均SST仅为13.48℃.整个研究海域海表叶绿素a浓度在台风期间有较大的增加,从台风前的0.425 mg/m3(平均值)上升到0.537 mg/m3,平均增长26.35%.除浙江近海外,台风核心区域海表叶绿素a浓度增幅最大,达1.695倍,表明台风风力越强,台风停留时间越长,对海表叶绿素a浓度增加的贡献就越大.这一增加有利于海洋生物的生长,有利于提高初级生产力和改善海洋生态环境.在"百合"台风期间,海水透明度却有一定程度的降低,从台风前的16.84 m(平均值)下降至台风后的12.67 m,平均降幅为24.76%,降幅最大的是24°～26°N、125°～127°E区块,平均下降了7.96 m,降幅高达47.6%;总体上台风核心区域南部的海水透明度降幅大于区域北部,台风核心区域东南部的海表叶绿素a浓度增幅大于区域东北部.同时,对整个研究海域分割成2°×2°大小的区块,以每个区块的海表叶绿素a浓度、SST和海水透明度的均值代表该区块的值,对台风前、后海表叶绿素a浓度、SST和海水透明度的变化进行相关性分析,发现海表叶绿素a浓度的变化与SST和海水透明度均呈负相关性,且台风期间海表叶绿素a浓度增加的百分比与相应区块海水透明度下降的百分比之间的相关系数达0.821.     

Discerning resuspended chlorophyll concentrations from ocean color satellite imagery

Ocean color satellite imagery has been used to detect blooms of phytoplankton for decades. A bloom in this sense is defined as a rapid increase in chlorophyll-a concentration from newly synthesized sources (primary production) within the photic zone. Chlorophyll also has the potential to enter the water column from benthic sources as a result of resuspension events. Currently available bio-optical ocean color algorithms estimate the near-surface chlorophyll concentration in the water column but cannot characterize the source. By estimating resuspension, one can isolate the proportion of the total chlorophyll present in the water column that originated from benthic sources. The increase in remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at 670nm as measured by SeaWiFS appears as a result of an increase in suspended materials, therefore, providing an estimate of resuspension. After examining imagery in locations of variable resuspension along the Texas coast, a strong positive correlation between the Rrs(670) produced by resuspension and the ratio of resuspended chlorophyll to total water column chlorophyll was observed.     

The Hillarys Transect (3): Optical and chlorophyll relationships across the continental shelf off Perth

An interdisciplinary study of the waters across the continental shelf off Perth, Western Australia, has provided the first detailed climatology of the physical, chemical, optical, and biological processes across the shelf. In support of this work, remote-sensing data were utilised to provide a broad view of the spatial and temporal chlorophyll concentration dynamics, to support in situ observations, and to help “fill the gaps” inherent in in situ point sampling.     

南海1998-2002年初级生产力的遥感估算及其时空演化机制

基于SeaWiFS资料得到1998—2002年海洋叶绿素浓度值以及海表温度(SST)数据和其它海洋数据,通过VGPM模型最终反演得到南海1998—2002年逐月初级生产力分布图以及季节分布图,发现在这5年内南海海域初级生产力年平均值变化不大,仅略有差异,1998年的年平均初级生产力要比其它几年的年平均初级生产力小一些;而南海海域初级生产力的季节变化则很明显,冬季要比其它几个季节高得多,而夏季最低。不同季节控制南海海域初级生产力的主导因素各不相同,主要是叶绿素浓度的分布、营养盐的分布、温度条件等,不同海区又略有不同。     

南海叶绿素浓度季节变化及空间分布特征研究

以南海海域1997年10月至2002年9月SeaWiFS卫星遥感叶绿素浓度的资料为基础,分析了多年平均的南海叶绿素浓度的时空分布,初步分析结果表明,冬季南海大部分海域叶绿素浓度普遍较高,春季大部分海域较低;南海各个海区的叶绿素月平均最低浓度基本出现在春季的4月或5月,而最高浓度出现的月份却有不同的特征,在中央海盆区出现在12月,在广东沿岸海区出现在7月,在越南东南部近岸海域在8月和12月有两个最高值;在吕宋海峡的西部区域,尽管叶绿素浓度的最高值也出现在12月,但是叶绿素浓度的最低值却出现在夏季的7月.在空间上近岸区域的叶绿素浓度明显高于中央海盆区,西部海域普遍高于东部海域.南海叶绿素浓度的这一时空分布特征与流场(如上升流等)、海面温度场和风场等的变化有关,也与陆源物质的输入等关系密切.     

SeaWiFS和MODIS叶绿素浓度数据及其融合数据的全球可利用率

对2001年Sea WiFS和MODIS叶绿素浓度数据的全球可利用率进行了定量分析，二者在全球范围的变化趋势一致，年平均可利用率分别为12．4％和13．6％，其中MODIS叶绿素浓度的可利用率略高于SeaWiFS。利用小波变换方法对二者进行数据融合，经分析：SeaWiFS／MODIS叶绿素浓度融合数据相对于单一传感器数据提高了全球可利用率，其年平均为20．50％；融合数据保持了较高空间分辨率MODIS数据的海洋特征；融合数据与实测值比较，差值的均值和标准偏差分别为0．16mg／m^3和1．07mg／m0（SeaWiFS：0．46mg／m^3和2．22mg／m^3，MODIS：0．13mg／m^3和0．82mg／m^3）。与MODIS和Sea WiFS相比。融合数据接近MODIS优于SeaWiFS。结果表明小波变换方法用于SeaWiFS和MODIS叶绿素浓度数据融合的有效性。     

A retrospective analysis of nutrients and phytoplankton productivity in the Mississippi River plume

Long-term patterns in riverine nutrient flux in the lower Mississippi River were examined in relationship to spatial and temporal patterns in surface nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll, and primary productivity in the outflow region in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A retrospective analysis of dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes based on USGS water quality data and US Army Corps of Engineers discharge data from the 1950s to mid-2004 showed an increase in river-borne dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) flux after 1967. Flux of DIN peaked in the early 1980s and has since fluctuated and shown a general decreasing trend since the early 1990s. Records for total phosphorus (total P) fluxes beginning in mid-1974 exhibited a variable but slight increasing trend up to 2004. The increase in fluxes during the 1970s and into the 1980s can be attributed to increases in both nutrient concentrations and river discharge. DIN concentrations since the 1980s have shown a decreasing trend. Total P concentrations exhibited large fluctuations, with no consistent long-term trend. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations and orthophosphate (Ortho P) peaked in the 1980s, declined relative to DIN and remained relatively low. DIN:Ortho P ratios were consistently well above the Redfield N:P ratio of 16:1. DIN:Total P ratios were variable and lower, fluctuating around the Redfield 16:1 value. Both DIN:Ortho P and DIN:Total P ratios were weakly, but significantly, correlated with river discharge and fluctuations were largely a reflection of higher DIN concentrations during high-discharge events. DIN:Ortho P ratios in surface waters of the outflow region adjacent to the birdfoot delta were higher in spring, consistent with seasonal variation in riverine DIN:Ortho P ratios. The seasonal signal diminished with increasing distance to the west of the delta, indicating a selective removal of DIN or source of Ortho P along the shelf. DIN fluxes and SeaWiFS satellite-derived chlorophyll showed seasonally elevated values during the first half of the year followed by generally lower values in late summer and fall. This seasonal signal diminished from east to west. The observed relationship between DIN flux and chlorophyll was consistent with ship-based observations of a linkage between riverine nutrient inputs and productivity. Long-term trends in river discharge were correlated with the Multivariate ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) Index (MEI) (r=−0.281, p<0.0001), evidence that river discharge was influenced by global climatic trends.     

Space–time variability of the Plata plume inferred from ocean color

Satellite ocean color and surface salinity data are used to characterize the space–time variability of the Río de la Plata plume. River outflow and satellite wind data are also used to assess their combined effect on the plume spreading over the Southwestern South Atlantic continental shelf. Over the continental shelf satellite-derived surface chlorophyll-a (CSAT) estimated by the OC4v4 SeaWiFS retrieval algorithm is a good indicator of surface salinity. The log (CSAT) distribution over the shelf presents three distinct modes, each associated to: Subantarctic Shelf Water, Subtropical Shelf Water and Plata Plume water. The log (CSAT) 0.4–0.8 range is associated with a sharp surface salinity transition across the offshore edge of the Plata plume from 28.5 to 32.5. Waters of surface salinity <31, derived from mixtures of Plata waters with continental shelf waters, are associated to log (CSAT)>0.5. In austral winter CSAT maxima extend northeastward from the Plata estuary beyond 30°S. In summer the high CSAT waters along the southern Brazil shelf retreat to 32°S and extend south of the estuary to about 37.5°S, only exceeding this latitude during extraordinary events. The seasonal CSAT variations northeast of the estuary are primarily controlled by reversals of the along-shore wind stress and surface currents. Along-shore wind stress and CSAT variations in the inner and mid-shelves are in phase north of the estuary and 180° out of phase south of the estuary. At interannual time scales northernmost Plata plume penetrations in winter (∼1200 km from the estuary) are associated with more intense and persistent northeastward wind stress, which in the period 2000–2003, prevailed over the shelf south of 26°S. In contrast, in winter 1999, 2004 and 2005, characterized by weaker northeastward wind stress, the plume only reached between 650 and 900 km. Intense southwestward plume extensions beyond 38°S are dominated by interannual time scales and appear to be related to the magnitude of the river outflow. The plume response to large river outflow fluctuations observed at interannual time scales is moderate, except offshore from the estuary mouth, where outflow variations lead CSAT variations by about 2 months.     

Variability of chlorophyll-a from ocean color images in the La Plata continental shelf region

Satellite-derived chlorophyll-a fields have been used to investigate temporal and spatial variability of chlorophyll-a concentration over the continental shelf zone (25–40°S and 60–45°W) close to the La Plata River estuary. Ocean color data used in this study were obtained by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and consisted of 368 weekly averaged Standard Mapped Images (SMI), from October 1997 to September 2005. Fourier harmonic and EOF analyses were used to study the variability of log-transformed chlorophyll-a concentration in the region. The harmonic analysis has shown that the annual cycle was the most dominant signal followed by the semi- and quadri-annual cycles, in certain areas. The strong annual cycle is mainly present in latitudes lower than 34°S where relatively high amplitudes (∼1.9 mg m⁻³) in pigment variation are seen over the southern Brazilian continental shelf. The semi-annual cycle is mainly associated with the Brazil–Malvinas frontal zone oscillation while the 4-year signal is related to positive La Plata discharge anomalies influenced by El Niño events. After removing the annual signal from the log-transformed chlorophyll anomalies, the EOF results showed that the first three modes captured 85.1% of the variability associated with the regional mean phytoplankton chlorophyll pattern in our smoothed data set. The first three modes explained, respectively, 63.4%, 14.1% and 7.6%. The EOF results showed that the long-term chlorophyll time/space patterns are associated with both La Plata discharge anomaly (mode 1) and alongshore wind stress (mode 2). A reconstruction of the chlorophyll anomaly fields has been made using the two leading EOF modes over two periods of high La Plata River discharge, during ENSO events. In the first event, the spatial patterns of high chlorophyll anomaly were confined to the southern portion of the region, associated with NE winds, which push the plume near the estuary mouth. The second period revealed an elongated tongue of positive chlorophyll anomalies over the Uruguayan and Brazilian middle continental shelves, associated with favorable SW winds. The analyses performed in this study allowed identification of the main modes of variability in SeaWiFS-derived chlorophyll in the region, which were consistent with modulations of important regional environmental forcing mechanisms.