青藏高原莫霍面的研究进展

本文首先简要回顾了莫霍面的发现，介绍其基本性质，然后对青藏高原莫霍面研究的重要进展进行了评述。在区域尺度上，被动源地震(天然地震)方法研究结果勾勒出青藏高原地壳及岩石圈底部的深部构造轮廓。然而受分辨率的限制，天然地震结果给出的地壳及上地幔结构的细节不足。近年来已经用分辨率达到几千米甚至百米级的主动源地震(包括宽角反射与折射地震和深反射地震)方法，揭示出青藏高原地壳及上地幔的精细结构。本文对近30年来深地震探测获得的青藏高原各个地块的莫霍面深度、壳幔结构和上地幔盖层速度等基本数据进行了较系统的分析，并对青藏高原莫霍面研究存在的有关问题进行了讨论。     

大气温湿廓线反演问题的研究

介绍了反演大气温湿廓线的主要传感器特性,阐述了ATOVS、MODIS和AIRS这3个卫星传感器的仪器特征及其相应的大气温湿廓线反演原理和方法,对其利弊进行初步分析,总结了大气温湿廓线反演问题的发展趋势.     

Coaxial coil towed EMI sensor array for UXO detection and characterization

A new broadband electromagnetic induction (EMI) array sensor, GEM-5, for detecting and characterizing Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) has been developed in order to provide high production rates for EMI surveys. The sensor consists of a single rectangular loop transmitter around a linear array of seven pairs of coaxial receiver coils, with each coil in a pair located at the same vertical distance above and below the loop transmitter. The coil pairs are wired in an inverted series so that the signal consists of the difference between the voltage induced in the upper and lower coils. This particular configuration provides a high degree of primary field cancellation, dense spatial sampling rate due to simultaneous and continuous operation of all sensors, suppression of motion-induced and environmental noise, and strong source fields at typical UXO burial depths providing deep detection range. Our prototype tests indicate that the array yields a lower static and motion-induced noise over the critical low frequencies than that of existing sensors, and in particular, the signal-to-noise ratio at 90 Hz is 32 dB higher. Environmental noise can be largely removed from the difference measurements. The field test results from UXO test sites show that the prototype sensor has smoother background and appears to detect more seeded targets than the GEM-3 concentric sensor, however some of that gain can be attributed to higher power transmitter electronics.     

徕卡ADS 80数字航空相机空三精度分析

徕卡ADS 80数字航空相机采用POS/GPS精确导航定位技术进行航空摄影,通过对GPS差分数据进行常规布设控制点、少量布设控制点甚至无控制点的内业空三解算结果的对比分析,探讨外业像片控制点的布设方案对IMU/DGPS辅助航空摄影测量加密精度的影响,利用不同地形类别的加密数据,分析在保证成图精度的情况下如何减少外业工作量,降低生产成本,缩短生产周期。     

穿越南沙礼乐滩的海底地震仪广角地震试验

本文对穿越礼乐滩东北部向西北方向延伸进入中央海盆长369 km的广角地震剖面OBS973-2进行了反演研究,以期了解南海南部陆缘的地壳结构,同时探讨南、北陆缘的共轭问题.结果表明OBS973-2剖面的速度模型中三个沉积层的速度分别为1.8～2.0 km/s、2.0～2.7 km/s和3.5～4.0 km/s;沿剖面沉积...     

Silicon-on-Insulator-Based Single-Chip Image Sensors: Low-Voltage Scientific Imaging

A low-voltage (≤3.3 V) imaging technology has been developed to enable scientific-grade imagers with low-power complex functions on chip. A 128 × 128 CCD imager with on-chip clocking and charge-domain analog-to-digital conversion, as well as an exploratory active pixel sensor have been demonstrated. A 640 × 960 CCD imager with optimized 12 bit charge-domain conversion and an improved active pixel sensor are presently in fabrication. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A miniature laser anemometer for measurement of wind speed and dust suspension on Mars

Suspended dust is a dominant component of the Martian environment. It has a major influence on atmospheric circulation and it is deposited widely over the planetary surface causing a serious hazard to instrumentation. In order to study dust transport, quantification of the wind flow and dust concentration are vital. A simple laser-based anemometer system is presented that is able to measure suspended dust grain velocity and turbulence from a landed spacecraft. This system has advantages over other techniques of wind speed determination in being insensitive to contamination or atmospheric conditions such as temperature, pressure or composition. For the first time it would allow direct measurement of the suspended dust concentration on Mars. A prototype instrument has been constructed and successfully tested in a wind tunnel facility under simulated Martian conditions. The optics are simple in design, light weight and the instrument has low power consumption. It is also robust and the output signal is easily interpreted, producing only a small data volume. Future improvements will be discussed, specifically modification to measure wind direction, the possibility of obtaining information about dust grain size and the construction of a flight model.     

宽裂谷的构造样式与成因机制

宽裂谷是一类重要的大陆伸展构造样式,野外工作与物理模拟、数值模拟相结合是研究宽裂谷构造样式的主要方法。国外学者对宽裂谷进行了较多研究,集中于其形成与持续时间、构造样式、岩浆活动特征等方面。试图在广泛的国内外文献综合分析的基础上,介绍宽裂谷的定义及其构造特征,通过盆岭省和爱琴海盆地的地质剖面验证宽裂谷构造样式,进而分析其成因机制。宽裂谷的形成受控于区域性的低角度拆离面,它同时控制了变质核杂岩的发育,拆离面之上发育高角度断层控制的掀斜断块。控制宽裂谷构造样式的参数主要有:伸展应变速率及地壳组成、初始的地壳厚度和岩石圈热状态、岩石圈的机械不稳定程度、岩石圈抗张强度与重力的对比关系。动力学机制上,宽裂谷可能主要由被动裂谷成因机制控制;运动学机制上,宽裂谷通常由简单剪切或简单剪切与纯剪分层拆离机制控制。以期对认识中国东北地区宽裂谷系统的构造样式与成因提供帮助。     

Agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level using AWiFS/WiFS data of Indian Remote Sensing satellites

Spatial differences in drought proneness and intensity of drought caused by differences in cropping patterns and crop growing environments within a district indicate the need for agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level. The objective of this study is to use moderate resolution satellite images for detailed assessment of the agricultural drought situation at different administrative units (blocks) within a district. Monthly time composite NDVI images derived from moderate resolution AWiFS (60 m) and WiFS (180 m) images from Indian Remote Sensing satellites were analysed along with ground data on rainfall and crop sown areas for the kharif seasons (June – November) of 2002 (drought year), 2004 (early season drought) and 2005 (good monsoon year). The impact of the 2002 meteorological drought on crop area in different blocks of the district was assessed. The amplitude of crop condition variability in a severe drought year (2002) and a good year (2005) was used to map the degree of vulnerability of different blocks in the district to agricultural drought. The impact of early season deficit rainfall in 2004 on the agricultural situation and subsequent recovery of the agricultural situation was clearly shown. Agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level using moderate resolution images is useful for prioritizing the problem areas within a district to undertake, in season drought management plans, such as alternate cropping strategies, as well as for end of the season drought relief management actions. The availability of ground data on rainfall, cropping pattern, crop calendar, irrigation, soil type etc., is very crucial in order to interpret the seasonal NDVI patterns at disaggregated level for drought assessment. The SWIR band of AWiFS sensor is a potential data source for assessing surface drought at the beginning of the season.     

利用宽谱系岩墙群进行勘查靶区预测的初步尝试: 以南阿拉套山为例

本文提出了一种利用宽谱系岩墙群(WSDS)进行内生金属矿床勘查靶区预测的新方法。南阿拉套山出露有一套由二叠纪煌斑岩质、玄武质、安山质、英安质和流纹质岩墙(脉)组成的岩墙群,可称为宽谱系岩墙群。该岩墙群侵位于花岗质岩基及其围岩中,是区内最晚一期岩浆活动的产物。以下特征暗示岩墙群的形成伴随着大规模含矿流体活动:(1)许多岩墙岩石具有气孔状构造,且含有大量含水暗色矿物; (2)部分岩墙岩石具有多斑斑状结构,基质为隐晶质或玻璃质结构; (3)部分岩墙岩石含有浸染状硫化物; (4)各类岩墙具有相似的不相容元素和成矿元素分配型式; (5)不同时代、不同岩性的地层具有相似的成矿元素分配形式。因此,宽谱系岩墙群及其围岩经受过含矿流体的浸润和改造,可作为确定性找矿标志。岩墙群的空间展布形式同时受区域性裂隙系统和局部性裂隙系统控制,可以解释为岩墙同时侵位于先存裂隙和自生长裂隙中。因此,宽谱系岩墙群是熔体-流体流快速侵位的产物,具有较强的成矿潜力。岩墙的空间展布形式可能暗示了含矿流体的运移方式,因而可以用来预测成矿金属大规模堆积的可能位置:(1)流体在运移路径上与碳酸盐岩相遇的部位; (2)流体在运移路径上与块状少裂隙火成岩体相遇的部位; (3)流体运移路径上适度破碎的断裂交汇部位; (4)流体在运移路径上与高渗透率地层相遇的部位; (5)岩墙密集区的小岩体。据此,可在南阿拉套山划出为六个勘查靶区(A、夏尔敖腊靶区,B、米尔其克岩体靶区,C、勒根乌苏-科克塔舒根乌苏靶区,D、阿尔夏提靶区,E、布图哈马尔西南岩体靶区,F、诺尔特靶区),涵盖了区域矿产调查发现的20个矿点(床)中的8个。如果将预测靶区的范围稍微扩大,则可以涵盖15个矿点(床)。据此,可以认为利用宽谱系岩墙群进行成矿预测是有效的。