塔里木北缘库鲁克塔格南华系阿勒通沟组沉积环境及构造背景分析

关于塔里木北缘南华-震旦纪的构造演化存在争议,本文研究了其东北缘库鲁克塔格地区南华系阿勒通沟组的沉积环境、地球化学特征等方面,揭示其源区风化、物源类型和构造背景等信息,以期为塔北同期构造演化及古地理环境恢复提供更多证据。阿勒通沟组由底部的冰碛砾岩和之上发育细密纹层的细砂-粉砂-泥岩组成,砂岩中发育丘状交错层理、渠模等典型风暴沉积构造,可识别出3种风暴沉积序列,为风暴浪控浅海陆棚沉积,是阿勒通沟组冰期和特瑞艾肯组冰期分属两个冰期的有力证据。该组宽广陆棚相的沉积环境,砂岩较高的结构成熟度及V-Cr-Ni-Sc负异常、Ti-Hf-Zr-Y正异常等地球化学特征皆显示其处于被动大陆边缘。物源判别图解、过渡族元素含量和稀土配分特征显示该组砂岩主要碎屑物质为来自南部塔里木克拉通的长英质岩类,另有古老沉积岩的加入。砂岩样品CIA值、A-CN-K图解和Th／U比值等显示其源区经历了微弱-中等的化学风化,碎屑物质具沉积分选、沉积物再旋回特征,且在成岩过程中钾交代明显,这些特征也与被动大陆边缘一致。在此基础上,结合前人研究成果认为库鲁克塔格自贝义西组裂解至阿勒通沟组演化为被动大陆边缘,且至少持续到震旦系扎摩克提组。     

东营凹陷青南地区沙四上亚段物源沉积体系与滩坝分布

滩坝砂岩是近年来东营凹陷沙四上亚段油气勘探活跃且成效显著的一类隐蔽岩性地层油气藏,但在青南地区,由于缺乏对物源沉积体系的系统研究,对滩坝的分布范围和规模认识不足,制约了该区的精细勘探和储量升级。通过砂岩重矿物组合和泥岩特征元素比值分布模式的综合物源分析认为,北部物源主要供应方向为西南方向,南部物源主要供应方向为西北方向和正北方向,且南部物源影响范围显著大于北部物源,并将南北物源的混合区域限定在X7井-Wx583井-W58井-W126井-L74井-Wx119井-L108井-L2井-L64井-Lx63井连线一带;通过岩石学和测井研究在研究区划分出冲积扇、三角洲、湖泊、重力流4种沉积体系和近岸水下扇、扇三角洲、河流三角洲、湖泊和深水浊积扇5种沉积相类型;通过物源控制下的沉积相连井对比和不同砂组时期沉积相的平面分布研究,厘清了物源沉积体系的演化特征和各类砂体,特别是滩坝的分布范围和规模,为油田的精细勘探提供依据。青南地区沙四上亚段滩坝主要来自南部物源,其发育规模仅次于河流三角洲,发育层位遍及整个沙四上亚段,单个砂组的发育规模受同时期河流三角洲发育规模的影响较大,受扇三角洲发育规模的影响较小:河流三角洲发育规模较大但扇三角洲不发育的纯下3砂组-纯上4砂组时期,滩坝发育规模较大;河流三角洲发育规模逐渐缩小但扇三角洲发育规模逐渐增大的纯上3砂组-纯上1砂组时期,滩坝发育规模也逐渐减小。     

藏东左贡-竹卡地区一些关键地层的时代和物源区示踪

因地层时代和物源区缺乏有效约束,限制了对龙木错-双湖缝合带东向延伸的北澜沧江缝合带北段构造演化历史的认识。本文报道了位于北澜沧江缝合带北段藏东左贡-竹卡地区的酉西群、竹卡群和甲丕拉组的锆石U-Pb年龄数据,在酉西群变质砂岩和甲丕拉组砂岩中获得的最年轻碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值分别为410±7Ma(n=3)和215±1Ma(n=2),将二者的最大沉积时代分别限定为早泥盆世和晚三叠世。竹卡群英安岩的锆石U-Pb年龄(240±1Ma)表明火山岩浆作用发生于中三叠世。碎屑锆石年龄频谱表明,酉西群兼具南羌塘地体约950Ma的碎屑锆石年龄指标和拉萨地体约1110Ma的年龄指标,表明其初始物源可能来自东冈瓦纳大陆内部印度大陆与南极洲之间的Eastern Ghats-Rayner和澳大利亚大陆和南极洲之间的Albany-Fraser-Bunger-Windmill造山带。甲丕拉组碎屑锆石最年轻的年龄峰值(225±2Ma;n=25)及其Hf同位素组成(-15.7~-4.2)与东达山岩基的相似性,指示甲丕拉组的物源很可能来自邻近的东达山岩基。甲丕拉组最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄(215Ma)与东达山岩基最年轻的花岗岩浆活动同期。这一结果,结合东达山地区甲丕拉组与下伏地层之间发生的与羌塘中央隆起带同期的区域性角度不整合事件,提出在北澜沧江北段的东达山地区,在东达山花岗岩基岩浆作用之后(约215Ma)甲丕拉组磨拉石沉积之前,很可能发生了快速隆升,与青藏高原羌塘中央隆起带的隆升剥露事件同期,可能受控于北澜沧江古特提斯洋壳板片的断离。     

Geochemistry and Sm-Nd systematics of the 1.67 Ga Buanji Group of southwestern Tanzania: Paleo-weathering,provenance and paleo-tectonic setting implications

We present major and trace and Nd-isotopic data of the~1.67 Ga Buanji Group of southwestern Tanzania in order to constrain the nature of their protolith and the intensity of chemical weathering in the source terranes and make inferences on the nature of climatic conditions during the late Paleoproterozoic in the region. Major and trace element contents of the shales from three stratigraphic formations are comparable to those of the post-Archaean Australian Shale(PAAS) and the average Proterozoic Shale(PS). They are characterized by enrichments in LREE relative to HREE((La/Yb)_(CN)=9.07-13.2;(Gd/Yb)cN = 1.51-1.85) and negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu~* = 0.61-0.81); features which are comparable to those of PAAS and PS, indicating upper continental sources. Provenance proxy ratios,together with abundances of Cr, Ni, Co and V that increase up-stratigraphy suggest a decreasing input of felsic detritus up-stratigraphy. Chemical Indices of Alteration(CIA) for the lower, middle and upper Buanji formations are 81. 76 and 79, respectively. These indices largely indicate intermediate(ca. 60-80)to extreme(80) weathering intensities of the precursor rocks. These observations may suggest the prevalence of warm, humid climates during the late Paleoproterozoic in the region.The lower Buanji Formation yielded a depleted mantle Nd model age(T_(DM)) of 、2100 Ma which indicates an Eburnean parentage. T_(DM) ages of 2486-2155 Ma and 2535-2379 Ma obtained from middle and upper Buanji formations, respectively, suggest a progressive increase of sedimentary input from the Tanzania Craton up-stratigraphy. The Eburnean T_(DM) ages of the lower Buanji rocks are attributed to their derivation through denudation of a decaying topographic high composed predominantly of rocks that were generated during the Palaeoproterozoic Ubendian orogenesis, possibly in the realm of Columbian Supercontinent assembly. Overlapping T_(DM) ages between the middle and upper Buanji formations suggest multiple sources involving mixing of detritus from Archaean cratonic rocks and the Palaeoproterozoic Ubendian belt. However, the Archaean signal is relatively more pronounced in the upper Buanji Formation, suggesting sediments derivation from the craton, to the north of the basin. The middle Buanji Formation suggests more diverse protolith,given the relatively larger spread in the T_(DM) ages. The Nb/Ta, Zr/Sm and Ce/Pb ratios coupled with the negative Nb and Ta anomalies, relative to primitive mantle, suggest that the tectonic setting of the source rocks for the Buanji sediments was a subduction zone akin to that generating modern sland Arc Basalts. Thus, we suggest that the Buanji's palaeogeography is consistent with an extensional continental backarc basin during the late Paleoproterozoic.     

北大巴山地区斑鸠关组砂岩地球化学特征对物源和构造环境的限定

北大巴山是南秦岭造山带的重要组成部分,保留较完整的地层记录。长期以来,斑鸠关组被认为形成于相对稳定的构造环境。本文通过对斑鸠关组砂岩的沉积序列和地球化学分析,详细分析其物源区和形成构造环境。沉积学特征表明,斑鸠关组砂岩主要为一套深水沉积的细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩组合序列,形成于海底扇。砂岩中交错层理恢复的古流向表明,其物源主要来自于北侧。地球化学分析表明,斑鸠关组砂岩SiO_2为61.54%～84.35%,主要为成熟度较低的岩屑砂屑岩。稀土元素标准化配分曲线呈现轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦和Eu负异常的特征。砂岩的风化蚀变指数为51～67,Th/U比值为3.36～7.02,表明砂岩物源区经历了较弱的风化作用。Zr/Sc和Th/Sc比值指示斑鸠关组砂岩没有经历沉积再旋回,为近源沉积。砂岩物源区组成判别图表明,斑鸠关组物源主要为长英质岩石。砂岩源区构造环境判别图以及特征指数表明,斑鸠关组源区形成于大陆岛弧和被动大陆边缘环境。综合区域资料,表明斑鸠关组形成于大陆岛弧相关环境,非大陆裂谷。     

Assessment of geochemical and sedimentological characteristics of atmospheric dust in Shiraz,southwest Iran

Geogenic dust is commonly believed to be one of the most important environmental problems in the Middle East.The present study investigated the geochemical characteristics of atmospheric dust particles in Shiraz City(south of Iran).Atmospheric dust samples were collected through a dry collector method by using glass trays at 10 location sites in May 2018.Elemental composition was analysed through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.Meteorological data showed that the dustiest days were usually in spring and summer,particularly in April.X-ray diffraction analysis of atmospheric dust samples indicated that the mineralogical composition of atmospheric dust was calcite+dolomite(24%)palygorskite(18%)quartz(14%)muscovite(13%)albite(11%)kaolinite(7%)gypsum(7%)zircon=anatase(3%).The high occurrence of palygorskite(16%-23%) could serve as a tracer of the source areas of dust storms from the desert of Iraq and Saudi Arabia to the South of Iran.Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the sizes of the collected dust varied from 50 μm to0.8 μm,but 10 μm was the predominant size.The atmospheric dust collected had prismatic trigonal-rhombohedral crystals and semi-rounded irregular shapes.Moreover,diatoms were detected in several samples,suggesting that emissions from dry-bed lakes,such as Hoor Al-Azim Wetland(located in the southwest of Iran),also contributed to the dust load.Backward trajectory simulations were performed at the date of sampling by using the NOAA HYSPLIT model.Results showed that the sources of atmospheric dust in the study area were the eastern area of Iraq,eastern desert of Saudi Arabia,Kuwait and Khuzestan Province.The Ca/Al ratio of the collected samples(1.14) was different from the upper continental crust(UCC) value(UCC=0.37),whereas Mg/A1(0.29),K/Al(0.22) and Ti/Al(0.07) ratios were close to the UCC value(0.04).This condition favours desert calcisols as the main mineral dust sources.Analysis of the crustal enrichment factor(EF_(crustal)) revealed geogenic sources for V,Mo,Pb,Sr,Cu and Zn(2),whereas anthropogenic sources affected As,Cd,Cr and Ni.     

The Langjiexue Group is an in situ sedimentary sequence rather than an exotic block: Constraints from coeval Upper Triassic strata of the Tethys Himalaya(Qulonggongba Formation)

The Upper Triassic Langjiexue Group in southeastern Tibet has long been an enigmatic geological unit. It belongs tectonically to the northern Tethys Himalayan zone, but provenance signatures of the detritus it contains are significantly different from those of typical Tethys Himalayan sandstones. Because the Langjiexue Group is everywhere in fault contact with Tethys Himalayan strata, its original paleogeographic position has remained controversial for a long time. According to some researchers, the Langjiexue Group was deposited onto the northern edge of the Indian passive continental margin, whereas others interpreted it as an independent block accreted to the northern Indian margin only during final India-Asia convergence and collision in the Paleocene. This study compares the Langjiexue Group and coeval Upper Triassic strata of the southern Tethys Himalayan zone(Qulonggongba Formation). Our new provenance data indicate that Qulonggongba Formation sandstones contain common felsic volcanic rock fragments, minor plagioclase, and euhedral to subhedral zircon grains yielding Late Paleozoic to Triassic ages. These provenance features compare well with those of the Langjiexue Group. Because the Qulonggongba Formation certainly belongs to the Tethys Himalayan zone, the provenance similarity with the Langjiexue Group indicates that the latter is also an in situ Tethys Himalayan sedimentary sequence rather than part of an exotic block. Volcanic detritus including Late Paleozoic to Triassic zircon grains in both Langjiexue Group and Qulonggongba Formation are interpreted to have been derived from the distant Gondwanide orogen generated by Pan-Pacific subduction beneath the southeastern margin of Gondwana. The Qulonggongba Formation, deposited above marlstones of the lower Upper Triassic Tulong Group, is overlain by India-derived coastal quartzose sandstones of the uppermost Triassic Derirong Formation. Deposition of both the Qulonggongba Formation and the Langjiexue Group were most likely controlled by regional tectonism, possibly a rifting event along the northern margin of Gondwana.