Web2.0地图制图的信息生态理论研究

针对Web2.0地图的开放性和公众参与性给地图信息带来的污染等问题,本文首先总结了地图模型的演化规律,并利用信息生态学原理,结合Web2.0地图的特点,提出地图信息生态概念.在传统地图模型基础上扩展地图信息环境,建立了基于人-图-环境系统的地图信息生态模型,并分析了其特点.从地图信息生态理论的角度,分析了目前主要Web...     

西北太平洋热带气旋潜势分布和年际变率的数值模拟

热带气旋潜势指数是定量表征影响热带气旋生成的大尺度环境条件指标,在不能显式模拟热带气旋的气候系统模式中,常被作为热带气旋的代用指标。基于中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的AGCM GAMIL2.0模式在历史海温驱动下的积分结果,评估了该模式对热带气旋潜势气候态、季节循环和年际变率的模拟能力。并分别从影响热带气旋潜势分布的热力因子(相对湿度、热带气旋最大风速)和动力因子(垂直风切变、绝对涡度、垂直抬升速度)的角度,讨论了造成热带气旋潜势模拟误差的原因。结果表明,在西北太平洋地区,模式能够合理再现热带气旋潜势的气候态分布,但由于GAMIL2.0模拟的相对湿度偏大且向东延伸,造成了热带气旋潜势大值区较之再分析资料偏大且偏东10°。由于GAMIL2.0模拟的季风槽位置偏北偏强,导致模拟的热带气旋潜势季节循环北进偏早而南退偏晚。在年际变化方面,GAMIL2.0能合理模拟出热带气旋潜势在ENSO正负位相东西反向的变化特征,但位于20°—30°N的加强和减弱区的分界线偏西,这与模拟的垂直速度和相对湿度的模拟误差有关,进一步分析表明,这是由于模拟中ENSO事件期间的西北太平洋异常上升中心比观测偏西且偏强造成的。     

Simulation of a Freezing Rain and Snow Storm Event over Southern China in January 2008 using RIEMS 2.0

The Regional Integrated Environmental Model System(RIEMS 2.0) with NCEP Reanalysis II is utilized to simulate the severe freezing rain and snow storm event over southern China in January 2008,which caused severe damage in the region.The relationships between the freezing rain process and the large-scale circulation,in terms of the westerly and low-level jets,water vapor transportation,and northerly wind area/intensity indices,were analyzed to understand the mechanisms of the freezing rain occurrence.The results indicate the following:(1) RIEMS 2.0 reproduced the pattern of precipitation in January 2008 well,especially for the temporal evolution of daily precipitation averaged over the Yangtze River valley and southern China;(2) RIEMS 2.0 reproduced the persistent trough in the South Branch of the westerlies,of which the southwesterly currents transported abundant moisture into southern China;(3) RIEMS 2.0 reasonably reproduced the pattern of frequencies of light and moderate rain,although it overestimated the frequency of rain in southern China.This study shows that RIEMS 2.0 can be feasibly applied to study extreme weather and climate events in East Asia.     

BCC_CSM1.1模式对我国气温的模拟和预估

利用我国541个测站1960—2010年气温资料以及国家气候中心参加第5次耦合模式比较计划 (CMIP5) 的气候系统模式BCC_CSM1.1的历史试验和年代际试验结果,评估了该模式对我国近50年气温变化特征的模拟能力, 对模式的年代际试验结果进行了误差订正,并给出未来10~20年我国气温变化的预估。结果表明:历史试验和年代际试验均模拟出了与观测较为一致的增暖趋势,但均没有观测资料的增暖幅度大。其中,历史试验比年代际试验更接近于观测。年代际尺度上,模式对我国东部的模拟要好于西部;年际尺度上,模式的高预报技巧区在我国西北地区西南部和东部、西南地区北部。历史试验和年代际试验对我国气温空间场整体分布模拟较好,误差订正后的年代际试验结果对空间气温场的模拟有更好把握。相对于观测资料得到的1960—2010年0.27℃/10 a的增温速率,模式预估我国2011—2030年平均气温变化速率达到0.48℃/10 a, 上升趋势更加明显。     

Robust control for an autonomous underwater vehicle that suppresses pitch and yaw coupling

Attitude control systems for autonomous underwater vehicles are often implemented with separate controllers for pitch motion in the vertical plane and yaw motion in the horizontal plane. We propose a novel time-varying model for a streamlined autonomous underwater vehicle that explicitly displays the coupling between yaw and pitch motion due to nonzero roll angle and/or roll rate. The model facilitates the use of a multi-input multi-output H_∞ control design that is robust to yaw-pitch coupling. The efficacy of our approach is demonstrated with field trials.     

Updated Homogenized Chinese Temperature Series with Physical Consistency

Most methods of homogenization of climate data are applied to time series of a single variable, such as daily maximum temperature(Tmax) or daily minimum temperature(Tmin). Consequently, the physical relationship among different variables, e.g., TmaxTmin, may be distorted after homogenization of climate series of individual variables. The authors develop a solution to improve consistency among diurnal temperature records, while using the Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization(MASH) method to homogenize the observation series of daily mean temperature(Tm), Tmin, and Tmax at 545 stations in China for the period 1960–2011, called CHTM2.0. In the previous version of this homogenized dataset based on MASH(CHTM1.0) for the period 1960–2008, there are a few records(0.039% of the total) that are physically inconsistent. For developing CHTM2.0, the authors apply additional adjustments for each day with inconsistent temperature records, in order to hold TmaxTmTmin. Although the additional adjustments are barely influential for estimating long-term climate trends in China as a whole(because very few records are additionally adjusted), the newly introduced solution improves the physical consistency throughout the dataset. It is also helpful for developing more reasonable homogenized climate datasets with regard to physical consistency among multiple variables. Based on CHTM2.0, the annual Tmax/Tm/Tmin series averaged over China for the period 1960–2011 show significant warming trends of about 0.19/0.25/0.34°C per decade, respectively. Large warming trends of up to 0.425/0.596/ 0.704°C per decade occur in northeastern and northwestern China.     

采用USB2.0接口的数据采集系统

阐述了基于USB2.0总线的高速A/D数据采集系统的工作原理和结构,以及设备固件程序、应用程序的设计和实现.     

Re-creating Wilderness 2.0: Or getting back to work in a virtual nature

Camping on Twitter, trekking in Google Street View, mountaineering on Snapchat. Wilderness is dead. Long live Wilderness 2.0. In this paper, the term “Wilderness 2.0” refers to the articulation of new media technologies, including mobile digital devices, web 2.0 and locative media, with the practice of wilderness recreation. In this new era of virtual nature, outdoor recreation occurs as much in the statusphere and blogosphere as it does in the biosphere. While much public and academic debate about Wilderness 2.0 has focused on the extent to which new media technologies connect people to, or disconnect them from, nature, this paper argues that wilderness is not a static and essential reality that can simply be connected to or disconnected from, but a social construct that is continually re-created in different cultural contexts. In this sense, Wilderness 2.0 reflects the re-creation of a new ontology of wilderness as DigiPlace: an augmented reality that blurs the lines between the “actual” and the “virtual.” Moreover, Wilderness 2.0 does not simply refer to the creation of a new ontology of wilderness, but the incorporation of outdoor recreation into the political economy of the web 2.0. In the context of Wilderness 2.0, outdoor recreation is increasingly exploited as a form of virtual labour. Thus, despite being associated with a discourse of “sharing” and “connecting to nature,” Wilderness 2.0 is, above all else, a nature that capital can see.     

A Modeling Study of the Climate Effects of Sulfate and Carbonaceous Aerosols over China

In this paper, the RIEMS 2.0 model is used to simulate the distribution of sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon aerosols over China (16.2°-44.1°N, 93.4°-132.4°E) in 1998. The climate effects of these three anthropogenic aerosols are also simulated. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The regional average column burdens of sulfate, BC, OC, and SOC were 5.9, 0.24, 2.4, and 0.49 mg m-2, with maxima of 33.9, 1.48, 7.3, and 1.1 mg m-2, respectively. The column burden and surface concentration of seco...     

Web2.0地图的双向地图信息传递模型

在柯拉斯尼模型的基础上,借助因特网通信体系的分层方法,提出了Web 2.0地图作为空间信息平台的双向传输体系,丰富和完善Web 2.0环境下的地图信息传递理论。