Methods for ultimate limit state assessment of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures: Part III hull girders

The present paper is Part III of a series of three papers on the methods useful for ultimate limit state assessment of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures. It is focused on the methods for the progressive collapse analysis of hull girders under bending moments, in contrast to the previous two papers (Parts I and II), respectively, dealing with methods for the ultimate limit state assessment of unstiffened plates and stiffened panels. An AFRAMAX-class hypothetical double hull oil tanker structure designed by IACS common structural rules (CSR) method is studied as an illustrative example. The ultimate vertical bending moment capacity of the hull structure is then analyzed by ANSYS FEA, ALPS/HULL, and IACS CSR methods, and their resulting computations are compared.     

Modelling future conditions in the degraded semi-arid estuary of Australia's largest river using ecosystem states

Over the last ten years, there has been a major decline in the condition of the Coorong, the estuary for Australia's largest river system, the River Murray. This decline is due to prolonged drought combined with past management of the Murray-Darling Basin. In order to successfully manage the estuary in the future, predictions are needed to evaluate the effect of possible management actions on the Coorong ecosystem under a variety of climatic scenarios. The alternative stable state concept can be extended to non-equilibrium systems, allowing for modelling of condition. Rather than constraining the definition of alternative states to those that are stable, we identify a suite of ecosystem states that occur naturally, but also include those that arise during the decline of the system. Eight distinct states were defined, with thresholds between them based on a combination of environmental characteristics associated with co-occurring biota. Threshold values for environmental characteristics define the transition rules between states. Mapping these states allows us to characterise the condition of the estuary in both space and time. The distribution of these states, and the diversity of states supported can be used to create an ecosystem condition index. By calculating the value of the index over time, the trajectory of ecosystem condition merges, and predictions can be made about future condition, should the current situation continue. This trajectory modelling can then form a baseline against which to evaluate possible management actions under a variety of climatic scenarios to identify those most likely to improve the condition of the Coorong.     

X射线光电光谱表征金属氧化物的酸碱性

本文探讨了氧配位的八面体及四面体的金属配合物中氧原子的价态变化及其酸碱性差异之间的关系。首先利用X射线光电光谱（XPS）分别推导出了氧原子在碱及碱土铝酸盐、铬酸盐、高铁酸盐、钼酸盐及钨酸盐中的价态,随后对氧原子的价态及氧化物的酸碱性质进行了比较。研究结果表明,氧原子的价态在这两种配位构型的化合物中没有显著的差别,其酸碱性的不同在于四面体配位的金属化合物中O2p态在非成键和成键的电子密度中高价带的分裂。     

Articles 4.8 and 4.9 of the UNFCCC: adverse effects and the impacts of response measures

Abstract

Articles 4.8 and 4.9 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Article 3.14 of its Kyoto Protocol require parties to take measures to minimise the adverse effects of climate change on developing and least developed countries (LDCs). The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) argue that this should mean assistance for capacity building to help them adapt to a changing climate. Articles 4.8 and 3.14 also require parties to take measures to minimise the impacts of emission reduction measures on energy exporting countries. The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries argue that this should mean assistance to compensate for lost oil revenues. This paper explores the dimensions of the adverse effects/impacts issue. It explains how, in arguing that progress on Articles 4.8, 4.9 and 3.14 be equal to progress on the issue of assistance to compensate for lost oil revenues, OPEC countries obstruct progress on assistance to developing and LDCs for adaptation to climate change. This suggests that tacit G77/China support for OPEC's position may ultimately not be in their best interests. The paper discusses the outlook for the adverse effects/impacts of response measures issue.     

相山矿田居隆庵矿床钍矿物特征研究

居隆庵矿床是相山矿田中一个大型的铀-钍混合矿床。通过系统的镜下显微特征研究和电子探针分析,查明了主要钍矿物和含钍矿物的种类,分析了钍的赋存状态和蚀变特征。钍的赋存状态有独立钍矿物、类质同象替换铀矿物和类质同象存在于副矿物中。相关的矿化蚀变有碳酸盐化、钠长石化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、绿泥石化、水云母化和萤石化。本文还总结了钍(铀)矿物的赋存位置。     

多源、多类、多时态非线性数据处理的整体降维解算

针对当今各国十分关注、大力倡导的“数字地球”、“数字国家”、“数字矿山”等科学工程构建中的多源，多维、多类型，多时态，多糖度并具有非线性特征的数据处理，及其函数模型中同时包含有非随机参数和随机参数，而随机参数又常常是随时间动态变化的情况，如仍采用经典的最小二乘处理方法或一般的非线性最小二乘数据处理方法，是不准确、不科学的。为此，提出了一种新的数据处理方法，即广州非线性动态最小二乘数据处理方法。针对广州非线最小二乘问题维数高的特殊结构，在已研究提出的分离迭代求解模型的基础上，提出了另一种新的整体降维解算的模型和算法，使原问题庞大的高维方程组的解算得以简化，将待求参数分离求解，大大减少了计算工作量，为多源，多维，多类型，多时态，多精度的非线性数据处理开辟了另一新途径。     

峨嵋玄武岩铂钯赋存状态分析

以黔西峨嵋玄武岩和辉长岩为测试对象，在矿物鉴定基础上，建立了Pt、Pd在硫化物、金属互化物、吸附态和硅酸盐类质同象不同赋存状态查定的流程，查明了峨嵋玄武岩中Pt、Pd是以硫化物态和金属互化物态为主，少量呈吸附态和硅酸盐类质同象态存在，讨论了峨嵋玄武岩铂钯状态丰度与铂族元素可能成矿的关系。     

The destructive date-mussel fishery and the persistence of barrens in Mediterranean rocky reefs

The illegal and destructive fishery of date mussels (i.e. the endolithic mollusc Lithophaga lithophaga) reduces the bio-physical complexity of Mediterranean rocky reefs and dramatically impacts biodiversity. Although date-mussel fishermen do not directly impact sea urchins, these echinoids dramatically increase in abundance on rocky reefs impacted by date-mussel fishery (DMF). The recovery of rocky reefs affected by DMF is hampered by the intense unselective grazing of sea urchins on benthic organisms. No evidence is available, however, about the mechanisms that cause the increase in the population density of sea urchins. I demonstrated here that DMF creates a new microhabitat, i.e. the holes left empty after date mussels are extracted, where small-sized sea urchins take refuge and escape predation. This study thus sheds light on a mechanism through which DMF may locally increase sea urchin population density, contributing to maintain the rocks bare on the long term.     

Meteorological Observations in 2001 at the Arctic Station,Qeqertarsuaq (69°15′N), Central West Greenland/Measuring calving in Icefall Lake,SE Greenland,using a "Diver" pressure transducer with a built-in datalogger

Danish Journal of Geography 96: 103–109, 1996.

Much of the current interest in processes of restructuring evolves around issues of changing occupational and social structures. While there is broad agreement that economic restructuring has produced a new occupational structure in the Western World, there is a great deal of controversy characterizing the changing structure. This is to be expected since we leave behind us a well-known social structure and are entering another which is still in the process of being shaped.

It is suggested in this article that if one is to comprehend the complexity involved when discussing these issues a fruitful starting point would be different welfare state regimes. Furthermore, it is suggested that different types of welfare states produce different occupational structures and to varying degrees, and for various reasons, do they lead to social polarisation. Thus, differences within welfare slate regimes can explain why we are experiencing divergent trajectories in employment and social stratification.     

CAG '74

Houses in inner-city areas, because of their age, suffer the depredations of functional obsolescence and decay. Some, however, have sound locations and are able to assemble economic forces that precipitate rehabilitation by both renters and owners. Accompanying restoration is a concomitant increase in market value and in population density, the corollary of which is a reduction in lot size. This process is modeled by graphically synthesizing elements of location theory, urban growth theory, and principles of economics.