变价元素在找矿评价工作中的意义

自然界中的变价元素广泛存在,不同价态的元素具有不同的地球化学性状,反映了不同的氧化还原环境,在成矿过程中形成各具特征的元素组合和矿物组合。利用Eh—pH图解和部分变价元素不同价态地球化学特征,分析自然界中矿物的稳定性和不同价态元素的共存关系及迁移能力,从中提炼找矿信息,有利于提高野外找矿评价工作成果质量。     

Natural hazard impacts in small island developing states: A review of current knowledge and future research needs

Small island developing states (or SIDS) are exposed to a large number of natural hazards and many characteristics of small island developing states make them particularly vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazards. In spite of this acknowledged vulnerability, there are relatively few studies which focus on the impacts of natural hazards in these countries. This paper presents a review of our current state of knowledge of impacts in small island developing states and highlights a number of research needs. Central to these is the need to integrate natural hazards research within a sustainable development context and the need to exploit existing procedures such as government coordinated disaster impact assessments to generate a detailed understanding of natural hazards impacts.     

应用与透射电子显微术相结合的电子能量损失谱(EELS)测定矿物中Ce和Fe的氧化态

在透射电子显微镜(TEM)中,与样品发生弹性散射的高能电子可被用于成像和产生选区电子衍射(SAED),它们能提供关于样品结构的重要信息。高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM )由于它具有高的空间分辨率,因而可以在原子的尺度上来研究样品的结构和微结构(或织构 )。此外,TEM中入射的高能电子还经历了与样品的非弹性相互作用,它可以提供关于样品的 化学和电子结构的进一步信息。据此,以TEM中的X射线能量色散谱学(EDS)和电子能量损失 谱学(EELS)为基础,产生了分析电子显微术(AEM)。其中EELS能够提供有关样品的诸如定量 化学分析(包括除氢以外的所有元素)、氧化态、配位、结晶度以及化学键合类型等有价值的 信息。HRTEM与EELS结合的研究则能从纳米尺度上提供关于矿物反应的微结构和微化学信息 。应用以M4和M5边的电子能量 损失近边结构(ELNES)为基础的EELS,研究了被建议作为放射性废料寄主相的烧绿石中Ce的 氧化态。与Ce3＋相比,Ce4＋的M4和M5边具有较高的能量损失。M4与M5边之间以及它们之后的弱峰之间的 强度比可用于Ce3＋与Ce4＋的定量分析。在内蒙所产烧绿石矿物的颗粒,其未蚀变区的EELS数据指示出有Ce3＋及其他稀士元素。然而由相邻蚀变区得出的EELS光谱则显示为Ce4＋、Ba及其他稀土元素。这表明在烧绿石蚀变期间,Ce的氧化导致了稀土元素、U及α衰变产物Pb的损失。基于Fe-L3边之ELNES的特征,EELS也能提供关于含Fe的闪石、辉石及其他硅酸盐矿物中Fe的氧化态的定量信息。应用这一方法直接测定了相互连生的一对闪石和辉石中Fe氧化态的定量值。其中闪石的Fe3＋/∑Fe原子数之比=0.65,而按间接计算方法得出的该闪石之相应的比值为0.5,两 者间有明显的差异。     

The effect of forcing and landscape distribution on performance and consistency of model structures

It is often challenging to determine the appropriate level of spatial model forcing and model distribution in conceptual rainfall‐runoff modelling. This paper compares the value of incorporating both spatially distributed forcing data and spatially distributed model conceptualisations based on landscape heterogeneity, applied to the Ourthe catchment in Belgium. Distributed forcing data were used to create a spatial distribution of model states. Eight different configurations were tested: a lumped and distributed model structure, each with four levels of model state distribution. The results show that in the study catchment the distributed model structure can in general better reproduce the dynamics of the hydrograph, and furthermore, that the differences in performance and consistency between calibration and validation are smallest for the distributed model structure with distributed model states. For the Ourthe catchment, it can be concluded that the positive effect of incorporating a distributed model structure is larger than that of incorporating distributed model states. Distribution of model structure increases both model performance and consistency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling the impacts of bottom trawling and the subsequent recovery rates of sponges and corals in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska

The abundance of some marine fish species are correlated to the abundance of habitat-forming benthic organisms such as sponges and corals. A concern for fisheries management agencies is the recovery of these benthic invertebrates from removal or mortality from bottom trawling and other commercial fisheries activities. Using a logistic model, observations of available substrate and data from bottom trawl surveys of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, we estimated recovery rates of sponges and corals following removal. The model predicted the observed sponge and coral catch in bottom trawl surveys relatively accurately (R²=0.38 and 0.46). For sponges, the results show that intrinsic growth rates were slow (r=0.107 yr⁻¹). Results show that intrinsic growth rates of corals were also slow (r=0.062 yr⁻¹). The best models for corals and sponges were models that did not include the impacts of commercial fishing removals. Subsequent recovery times for both taxa were also predicted to be slow. Mortality of 67% of the initial sponge biomass would recover to 80% of the original biomass after 20 years, while mortality of 67% of the coral biomass would recover to 80% of the original biomass after 34 years. The modeled recovery times were consistent with previous studies in estimating that recovery times were of the order of decades, however improved data from directed studies would no doubt improve parameter estimates and reduce the uncertainty in the model results. Given their role as a major ecosystem component and potential habitat for marine fish, damage and removal of sponges and corals must be considered when estimating the impacts of commercial bottom trawling on the seafloor.     

规则桥梁抗震性能水准的定义及其量化描述

基于性能的结构抗震设计是各国结构抗震设计规范未来的主要发展方向,虽然其理论框架已基本形成,然而其中至关重要的结构抗震性能水准的定义及其量化描述问题,目前仍处于研究探讨阶段.本文从公路梁式桥震害现象出发,采用极限状态设计概念,对规则桥梁在地震作用下的性能水准予以明确的定义;并以墩顶漂移率作为设计参数,通过对大量试验数据的...     

矮新星概述与研究进展

矮新星是爆发频繁的激变变星,主星是白矮星,次星是充满洛希瓣的晚型矮星;白矮星周围有吸积盘,物质流与吸积盘的碰撞区域即热斑。与大多数密近双星系统相比,矮新星最大的特点是吸积盘的存在以及频繁的爆发现象。首先介绍了矮新星的研究历史和现状,对吸积盘的形成过程进行总结,给出了矮新星的基本物理图像;其次简要介绍了矮新星的各种次型的特征和形成原因,对目前的爆发模型进行归纳;回顾了矮新星中著名的轨道周期空缺现象和最短轨道周期截止现象,并给出其在标准化模型下的解释以及标准化模型面临的挑战;举例说明了矮新星的轨道周期变化分析不仅对研究其演化起着重要作用,而且是探测褐矮星和地外行星的重要手段;对食光变曲线的分析方法和矮新星中罕见的高低态变化进行了简单小结;最后,进行总结并讨论矮新星领域的发展趋势和目前的一些热点问题。     

数值算法在DOS图形分析中的应用

在非函数图形数据处理的算法中，目前还没有一个算法可以较好解决求解离散数据点所形成的曲线的积分问题。在扩充最小二乘性质的基础上提出了相关算法，并进行可行性和误差分析。该算法已较好运用于纳米材料的DOS图形分析。     

How useful are ‘millipede’ and other similar porphyroblast microstructures for determining synmetamorphic deformation histories?

ABSTRACT Oppositely concave microfolds (OCMs) in and adjacent to porphyroblasts can be classified into five nongenetic types. Type 1 OCMs are found in sections through porphyroblasts with spiral-shaped inclusion trails cut parallel to the spiral axes, and commonly show closed foliation loops. Type 2 OCMs, commonly referred to as ‘millipede’ microstructure, are highly symmetrical, the foliation folded into OCMs being approximately perpendicular to the overprinting foliation. Type 3 OCMs are similar to Type 2, but are asymmetrical, the foliation folded into OCMs being variably oblique to the overprinting foliation. Type 4 OCMs are highly asymmetrical, only one foliation is present, and this foliation is parallel to the local shear plane. Type 5 OCMs result from porphyroblast growth over a microfold interference pattern. Types 1 and 2 are commonly interpreted as indicating highly noncoaxial and highly coaxial bulk deformation paths, respectively, during porphyroblast growth. However, theoretically they can form by any deformation path intermediate between bulk coaxial shortening and bulk simple shearing. Given particular initial foliation orientation and timing of porphyroblast growth, Type 3 OCMs can also form during these intermediate deformation paths, and are commonly found in the same rocks as Type 2 OCMs. Type 4 OCMs may indicate highly noncoaxial deformation during porphyroblast growth, but may be difficult to distinguish from Type 3 OCMs. Thus, Types 1–3 (and possibly 4) reflect the finite strain state, giving no information about the rotational component of the deformation(s) responsible for their formation. Furthermore, there is a lack of unequivocal independent evidence for the degree of noncoaxiality of deformation (s) during the growth of porphyroblasts containing OCMs. Type 2 OCMs that occur independently of porphyroblasts or other rigid objects might indicate highly coaxial bulk shortening, but there is a lack of supporting physical or computer modelling. It is possible that microstructures in the matrix around OCMs formed during highly noncoaxial and highly coaxial deformation histories might have specific characteristics that allow them to be distinguished from one another. However, determining degrees of noncoaxiality from rock fabrics is a major, longstanding problem in structural geology.     

东秦岭火山岩的壳幔热动力状态及造山模式

根据火山岩、沉积岩、变质作用与花岗岩成岩和形成环境的综合研究,本文确认熊耳群玄武粗安岩-英安流纹岩组合、大红口组粗面岩组合具低级壳幔热动力状态,形成于大陆裂谷环境;秦岭群、宽坪群变拉斑玄武岩建造具中级壳幔热动力状态,形成于海槽环境;二郎坪群、丹凤群细碧岩-石英角斑岩建造发育于高级壳幔热动力状态的海盆环境,具有下地幔岩石圈拆离导致的A型俯冲造山模式。