Newly developed technique and analysis solution to accelerate consolidation of ultrasoft soil

Plastic vertical drainage is widely used in vacuum preloading for soft soil treatment. However, plastic vertical drainage has a number of disadvantages such as it only provides drainage paths in vertical directions and the distribution of soil strength is not uniform. A new technique, prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage, was developed in this study to shorten the consolidation time of ultrasoft soil. Using one vertical drainage tube and four horizontal drainage tubes, prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage provides drainage paths not only in vertical but also in horizontal directions. An analytical solution was derived to calculate the degree of soil consolidation when using the prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage technique. Field tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage and to verify the proposed analytical solution. It was found that consolidation time of soft clays using prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage was 50% lower than plastic vertical drainage. Moreover, the average undrained shear strength of soil treated by the prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage technique was approximately 30% larger than that treated by the plastic vertical drainage technique. The degree of soil consolidation estimated from the proposed analytical solution showed good agreement with field measurements. This implies that the proposed analytical solution can be used to directly estimate the degree of consolidation when the soil is treated by prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage.     

Improvement of very soft ground by a high-efficiency vacuum preloading method: A case study

This paper describes a full-scale test on a very soft clay ground around 70,000?m², which is conducted in Huizhou of Guangdong Province, China, to present a new method of vacuum preloading method. A novel moisture separator was developed, which can automatically regulate the vacuum pressure variation by changing the volume of the gas inside it. A large quantity of water drained by the proposed moisture separators can be directly used as a surcharge loading, which would shorten the ground improvement time and save costs as well. Three levels of silt-prevention prefabricated vertical drains were used in the treating process to accelerate the consolidation. In addition, the vacuum preloading method also included an effective radial drainage device which would strengthen the dredged soft clay fill in a deep layer. In the in situ test, tens of piezometers and settlement plates were installed to measure the variations of excess pore water pressures and settlement of two stages of observation points at different positions in the ground. The results show that the largest average consolidation settlement was 314.1?cm and made a saving of more than 66% in power consumption compared with traditional method. It demonstrates that this adopted method is an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method for improving sites with low bearing capacity and high compressibility soils.     

高真空与脉冲放电气相色谱联用装置研发及其在岩石脱气化学分析中的应用

岩石中气体化学组成的分析具有重要意义。载气保护下的岩石脱气,过程比较复杂;高真空下岩石脱气的气相色谱分析报道较少,一般不能测量气体的总量;真空脱气质谱法对于分子量相近的气体,很难进行测量。针对上述问题,本文研制了高真空岩石样品脱气分析装置,该装置真空度10-4Pa,空白样品压强0.1 Pa,N2含量测量精度为0.63%,标准温压下最少可测样品量1 mm3。将其与带脉冲放电检测器的气相色谱仪联用,实现了岩石脱气及其微升量级气体化学组成的高灵敏气相色谱分析。利用本系统分析了五大连池火山岩、松辽盆地储层岩石和四川盆地页岩样品中释放的气体,结果表明:相比以往的实验装置和方法,该系统能够直接测量岩石脱出气体的总量,分段加热脱气分析样品用量更少,气体组成分析灵敏度更高,检测的主要成分是岩石脱气常见的成分,针对性较强。     

高黏性新近吹填淤泥真空预压试验颗粒流宏微观分析

为了从宏观和微观角度探讨颗粒组成对淤堵层形成机理和加固效果的影响规律,依托天津某新近吹填造陆工程,先进行直排式真空预压法室内模型试验,然后基于颗粒流理论和PFC2D程序,在解决模拟过程中颗粒级配和孔隙比的二维转换、排水边界的等效模拟、真空渗流场的施加等问题后,对模型进行有效的模拟计算,进而将结果推广,开展了不同颗粒组成吹填土真空预压试验的颗粒流模拟,总结了排水速率变化及颗粒运移规律。结果表明:对吹填土真空预压过程进行二维颗粒流数值模拟是有效可行的;真空预压过程中细颗粒沿渗透路径迁移,在沿途滞留,导致渗透路径变短变窄,从而形成淤堵层;对于高黏性新近吹填淤泥,在相同真空荷载作用下,黏粒质量分数越大,初期排水速率增长越快,并且随着土体不均匀系数的提高,淤堵层变得易于形成且致密,排水速率衰减越快;粉粒质量分数越大,土体孔隙率变化越均匀,尤其当粉粒质量分数大于黏粒质量分数时,真空预压加固效果有明显改善。     

真空预压加固软土地基变形与固结计算研究

考虑真空度的衰减情况,对真空预压加固软基的变形和固结度计算方法进行了研究。先根据真空预压时砂井的真空压力状态建立了真空预压的空间轴对称变形模型,用位移法推导该模型在等应变条件下的变形及体积应变计算公式。在此基础之上结合Hansbo砂井地基固结理论和真空预压的边界条件,推导了忽略竖向渗流情况下的真空预压加固软土地基的固结解析解。比较文中计算方法与已有计算理论和现场试验实测资料结果表明,体积应变的计算对真空预压的孔压和固结度的计算有较大的影响,而直接引用传统堆载预压的体积应变计算公式计算会导致较大误差。在固结度计算中,采用Hansbo的近似方法能满足计算精度的要求,所得计算结果与实测结果吻合较好     

超载预压加固软土路基效果数值分析

利用超载预压法处理软土地基,在确定超载预压高度与预压时间时,很少考虑软土蠕变的影响。结合武英高速公路软土路基处理工程实例,考虑软土蠕变特性,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对超载预压软土路基中超载预压高度与沉降关系、超载预压高度与超载预压时间关系进行计算,并与实测结果对比分析。结果表明,软土路基超载预压沉降分析中考虑软土蠕变是必要的,软土路基的沉降随着超载预压高度的增加而增大。在一定范围内,随着超载预压高度的增加,超载预压时间越短,但二者并非线性关系。在路基稳定的前提下,存在一个最佳的超载预压高度,使得超载预压时间最短。     

超软土真空预压室内模型试验研究

随着围海造陆的发展,吹填区底面标高越来越低,吹填土厚度由原来的2 m达到现在的10 m左右,使地基加固时发生很大的压缩变形。在现场真空预压检测过程中发现土体加固后形成上面一层2～3 m的硬壳层,地表以下3～4 m土层强度增长很小。通过超软土真空预压室内模型试验发现加固后由于超软土发生很大的压缩变形,使排水板发生了很大的扭曲变形,甚至发生局部折断现象,导致排水板失效或效率降低,从而使土体加固效果欠佳。在加固土体变形基本稳定后,进行了二次插板再加固的试验,结果表明,土体的沉降进一步发展,含水率进一步降低,十字板强度进一步提高,且沿深度递减幅度大为减小,证明了第一次加固过程中由于土体发生大变形使排水板效率降低,地基不能达到预期的加固效果;采用二次插板可使吹填土产生较好的加固效果。研究成果为探索更有效地加固深厚吹填土方法提供了依据。     

排水板和砂井联合堆载预压加固海相软土地基的工作性状的现场试验

针对场地内夹杂岸堤、塘埂和人行道路网的深厚海相软土地基处理,提出塑料排水板和袋装砂井联合堆载预压加固方法,并通过现场试验研究该类地基在路堤填筑及堆载预压过程中的地表及深层沉降特性、超孔隙水压力消散机制和地基水平位移规律等工作性状。结果表明,采用该方法处理深厚海相软土地基具有良好的加固效果,地基沉降大部分在填筑期和预压期间发生,有效降低了场地的工后沉降和施工工期,可为沿海深厚复杂海相软土地基加固处理提供参考;塑料排水板和袋装砂井联合堆载预压处理地基的沉降-时间曲线呈多级式发展,袋装砂井处理部位的沉降量小于塑料排水板处;软基上部土体的排水效果明显优于中、下部土体,排水板处理区域的超孔隙水压力大于砂井处理区域;软基顶部土体向堆载区域移动,地表3 m以下的软土层被挤向堆载处理区域外。     

真空负载方式对疏浚淤泥脱水过程中脱水规律的影响

采用自主改装的变压头黏土渗透仪,模拟疏浚淤泥脱水过程中水分在淤泥颗粒多孔介质中的迁移运动过程,通过测定疏浚淤泥脱水过程中渗透系数与过滤常数、渗水量与滤液量、泥饼含水率与孔隙率,探究了负载压力为100 kPa时,不同负载方式（负载时间及负载压力梯度变化）对疏浚淤泥脱水过程中过滤和渗流规律的影响。研究发现：负载下的过滤和渗流同时进行,负载1 h期间,前期0～40 min内过滤占主导地位,后期40～60 min内渗流起关键作用。负载压力梯度由原来1 h内间隔变化1次,变为以20 kPa为梯度递增变化5次,随着压力变化梯度减小,渗透系数、过滤常数增加,淤泥脱水性能得到较明显的改善,并且前期负载压力越小,脱水效果越好。     

吹填细砂软弱地基处理试验研究

结合实际工程情况,针对吹填细砂及下卧软黏土地基的工程性质,对强夯-降水联合法和无填料振冲法结合整体塑料排水板加固此类地基的适用性进行了试验研究。在试验的基础上,确定了振冲施工工艺的振冲间距、上拔间距等振冲大面积施工参数,同时分析了强夯过程中下卧黏性土中孔隙水压力的增长消散过程及影响因素,得到了一些有益的结论,对类似工程有一定的借鉴意义。