地震预警断层参数实时识别方法(FinDer)详解及其性能初步评价

详细阐述了美国加州ShakeAlert地震预警系统中使用的断层破裂参数实时测定方法（FinDer FinDer:Finite Fault Rupture Detector）的技术细节。利用1999年集集M_w7.6级地震、2008年汶川M_s8.0级地震及2013年芦山M_s7.0级地震,以及日本K-NET台网记录的80次中小地震的强震观测数据对该方法的性能进行了评价。结果表明:在密集台网条件下,FinDer方法能够较为准确地实时识别正在发生地震的断层破裂长度和走向以及质心位置,是解决地震预警系统中断层破裂参数实时识别问题的有效手段之一;FinDer方法只能在断层破裂已经发生的条件下,对其长度和走向进行识别,无法预知断层可能的最终长度或最终走向;远场和近场识别是影响该方法准确性的主要因素,也是该方法识别误差的主要来源。     

Using a fluvial archive to place extreme flood sediment (dis)connectivity dynamics in context of a longer-term record

The aim of this study was to establish the source and provenance of sediments deposited in a large floodplain sink during extreme floods in the Lockyer Creek catchment, Australia, in 2011 and 2013. We place the sediment source patterns in context of the longer-term record to determine whether coarse-grained sediment sources (i.e., very fine sand to very coarse sand) and the spatio-temporal pattern of (dis)connectivity have changed over time. We do this by matching the geochemical properties and age structure of a sediment profile located in a downstream floodplain sink to the elemental composition of source sediments. One hundred and fifty-seven sediment samples from 20 sites across the catchment are analysed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry to compare the elemental ratio composition of the downstream floodplain sink to its source materials. We use Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating to determine the age structure of the sediments in the floodplain sink. The northern tributaries and parts of the Lockyer River trunk stream are the primary sources of coarse sediment. These areas are connected (coupled) to the lower trunk stream and floodplain sediment sink. Southern tributaries are largely disconnected (decoupled) and supply little sediment to the floodplain sediment sink. This pattern of sediment source contribution has remained similar over the last 6.8 ka at least. Sediment sources as observed in the 2011 flood have predominated over the mid-late Holocene whilst those in the 2013 flood are rare.     

柴达木盆地石炭系烃源岩和煤岩生物标志物特征及其地球化学意义

采自柴达木盆地东北部石炭系烃源岩和煤岩的生物标志化合物研究表明,研究样品的有机质演化已达高成熟阶段,其母质来源以水生生物为主,同时有较丰富的陆源物质输入。除煤岩的沉积古环境较氧化且经历过较强的降解过程外,其余样品的沉积古环境均属于较还原环境,沉积介质为咸水环境,有机质总体丰度高。因此该区石炭系海陆交互相含煤沉积是一套较一般侏罗系为好的烃源岩系,有较好的生烃潜力。     

鄂东丰山矿田卡林型金矿地质地球化学特征

鄂东丰山矿田主要由丰山 (封山洞 )铜矿床、鸡笼山金铜矿床和李家湾铜矿床组成。经野外调查和室内研究 ,确认矿田内存在卡林型金矿 ,金平均品位约 5× 1 0 -6,远景储量在大型以上。该卡林型金矿的主要特征是 :(1 )分布于丰山斑岩体周围的中酸性岩脉发育区 ;(2 )容矿岩石为下三叠统大冶组薄层状 -纹层状和角砾状碳酸盐岩 ;(3)矿体主要受高角度断层控制 ,通常产于岩脉的一侧或附近 ;(4 )矿石普遍具白色细网脉状方解石化和碳泥化 ,裂面上常见黑色碳质被膜 ;(5 )金主要为次显微金 ;(6 )成矿物质主要来自矿源层 ,部分来自岩浆 ,成矿热液水主要来自大气降水     

粤西金矿床成矿地球化学研究

粤西金矿床分为构造蚀变岩型、石英脉型和变质岩型.赋金地层主要为云开群上亚群和寒武系八村群,它们具有较高的含金丰度,可作为本区金的矿源层.在区域变质或混合岩化作用下,矿源层中的金可能发生活化、转移并在局部富集.海西-印支期花岗岩有继承变质岩、混合岩的特征,分异演化程度不高,这对金成矿有利.     

区域"板块"形成演变规律及其动力源探究

区域板块作为城市群发展的高级形式,是国家现代化的前进基地。作者在30多年区域开发研究与城市规划实践的基础上,系统性、创造性地提出"区域板块"这一新概念,阐述了其丰富内涵和作用,归纳了其人口、经济与生产力高度集结和扩散的规律。同时,就区域板块形成和发展动力源进行了多层面的深入分析,分类阐述了环境动力、外在动力和内在动力的作用机制。它对于今后开展区域空间研究以及城市与区域发展的相互关系,具有较强的指导意义。     

Quantitative Assessment of Hydrocarbon Expulsion of Petroleum Systems in the Niuzhuang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China

Based on a detailed survey of the distribution and organic geochemical characteristics of potential source rocks in the South Slope of the Niuzhuang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, a new approach to assess the amount of hydrocarbons generated and expelled has been developed. The approach is applicable to evaluate hydrocarbons with different genetic mechanisms. The results show that the models for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion vary with potential source rocks, depending on thermal maturity, types of organic matter and paleoenvironment. Hydrocarbons are mostly generated and expelled from source rocks within the normal oil window. It was calculated that the special interval (algal-rich shales of the ES4 member formed in brackish environments) in     

Acoustic-Gravity Waves from Bolide Sources

We have developed a new approach to modeling the acoustic-gravity wave (AGW) radiation from bolide sources. This first effort involves entry modeling of bolide sources that have available satellite data through procedures developed in ReVelle (Earth Moon Planets 95, 441–476, 2004a; in: A. Milani, G. Valsecchi, D. Vokrouhlicky (eds) NEO Fireball Diversity: Energetics-based Entry Modeling and Analysis Techniques, Near-earth Objects: Our Celestial Neighbors (IAU S236), 2007b). Results from the entry modeling are directly coupled to AGW production through line source blast wave theory for the initial wave amplitude and period at (at 10 blast wave radii and perpendicular to the trajectory). The second effort involves the prediction of the formation and or dominance of the propagation of the atmospheric Lamb, edge-wave composite mode in a viscous fluid (Pierce, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 35, 1798–1807, 1963) as a function of the source energy, horizontal range and source altitude using the Lamb wave frequency that was deduced directly during the entry modeling and that is used as a surrogate for the source energy. We have also determined that Lamb wave production by bolides at close range decreases dramatically as either the source energy decreases or the source altitude increases. Finally using procedures in Gill (Atmospheric-Ocean Dynamics, 1982) and in Tolstoy (Wave Propagation, 1973), we have analyzed two simple dispersion relationships and have calculated the expected dispersion for the Lamb edge-wave mode and for the excited, propagating internal acoustic waves. Finally, we have used the above formalism to fully evaluate these techniques for four large bolides, namely: the Tunguska bolide of June 30, 1908; the Revelstoke bolide of March 31, 1965; the Crete bolide of June 6, 2002 and the Antarctic bolide of September 3, 2004. Due to page limitations, we will only present results in detail for the Revelstoke bolide.     

废弃放射源贮存池的综合地球物理勘查

采用综合地球物理勘查技术,包括高精度磁测、高密度电法和地质雷达(GPR)对某处遗留于地下的铅封放射源进行了系统探查,对所获得的各类异常数据进行了分析处理,并指出了放射源所在的具体空间位置.开挖验证结果与解释结果完全吻合,显示了地球物理勘查技术在环境调查中具有快速、准确和非破坏性的优势.     

Distribution Characteristics of Effective Source Rocks and Their Control on Hydrocarbon Accumulation: A Case Study from the Dongying Sag, Eastern China

The exploration conducted in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China has demonstrated that the abundant petroleum resources have close affinities to the hydrocarbon kitchen with rich organic matter. A number of oil-generating associations with various characteristics of organic geochemistry and assemblages of multiple reservoir facies are developed due to the multi-center sedimentation, multi-source supply and multi-cycle evolution of filling, which have resulted in the formation of multiple oil and gas accumulation zones of various layers and trap styles. Among them the Paleogene Shahejie Formation is the most important hydrocarbon accumulation combination in the Dongying sag. Heretofore, its proved reserve has reached nearly 1.8×109t, which accounts for more than 90% of the total proved reserves of the Dongying sag. Based on previous studies, more than 600 source rock samples and 186 crude oil samples of the Shahejie Formation, collected from 30 oilfields, have been treated with organic geochemical testing