川东北地区通南巴背斜中三叠世以来构造变形时间厘定及其地质意义

通南巴背斜位于四川盆地东北部,中三叠世以来经历多期构造挤压与叠加作用,其形成与演化主要受到米仓山构造带由北西向南东冲断挤压作用的控制以及大巴山构造带由北东向南西构造叠加的影响,因此,厘定通南巴背斜的构造活动时间可以有效约束米仓山中三叠世以来陆内变形时间,亦对区域构造变形时序以及米仓山基底冲断变形特征有指示意义。本文以两条地质剖面为基础,刻画出背斜南翼中-上侏罗统旋转生长地层特征,表明地层发生褶皱的启动时间为中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世早期,并且通过长剖面解释,认为米仓山基底发育楔入冲断构造,楔端点位移沿前震旦系滑脱层向盆地扩展传递导致了通南巴背斜NE向构造的形成。磷灰石裂变径迹热模拟显示,通南巴背斜分别于晚白垩世早期(95~90 Ma)和新生代中晚期(~24 Ma)开始快速隆升剥蚀,隆升速率分别为0.06~0.085 mm/a和0.133 mm/a左右。通过汇总区域低温热年代学样品点,分区建立构造变形时空序列,得出川东北地区在中-晚侏罗世、白垩纪以及始新世-中新世分别发生一次米仓山由北向南的构造扩展以及大巴山由北东向南西的构造叠加作用。     

Applications of Low Temperature Thermochronology in the Tectonogeomorphology Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

The tectonogeomorphology is regarded as the key to understanding the uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau. But its research is blocked by the poor constrains of chronology. The low temperature thermochronology, the most fashions are the zircon and apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He thermochronology (ZFT, AFT, ZHe and AHe), has thoroughly developed recently, become a sensitive and precise tool for this kind study, and was suggested in this paper. A metasynthesis study of the multiple low temperature thermochronology was proposed, including the bedrocks of high altitude mountains, on which low-relief and layered landscapes has developed and relicted, as well as the synorogenic deposits, such as the Cenozoic sediments, river terraces and modern river deposits. Thus, mutual compensation of advantages among ZFT, AFT, ZHe and AHe could be achieved to yield a whole exhumation and evolution history of regional tectonogeomorphology during the Cenozic. Accordingly, several conceptual growth models of the tectonogeomorphology terrane can be yielded. However, issues as pointed out in this study are still exist when conducting the relevant researches, and should be carefully addressed.     

盆地沉积物示踪源区山脉隆升剥露的几种方法

简要介绍了盆地沉积物示踪山脉隆升剥蚀的几种方法并给以实例分析。与造山 隆升过程相伴生的沉积盆地记录了造山带隆升的许多宝贵信息,利用盆地沉积物反演原区背景常局限于盆地沉积物碎屑组分、副（重）矿物组合及元素地球化学特征的变化,近年国外已开始利用盆地沉积物中颗粒错石Ｕ－Ｐｂ年龄谱、Ｎｄ同位素组成、矿物（如黑云母、磷灰石等）热年代学方法示踪盆地沉积物物源性质及物源贡献比例,山脉构造热事件及山脉升剥蚀速率等     

Exhumation and incision history of the Lahul Himalaya, northern India, based on (U–Th)/He thermochronometry and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide methods

Low-temperature apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) thermochronology on vertical transects of leucogranite stocks and ¹⁰Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) surface exposure dating on strath terraces in the Lahul Himalaya provide a first approximation of long-term (10⁴–10⁶ years) exhumation rates for the High Himalayan Crystalline Series (HHCS) for northern India. The AHe ages show that exhumation of the HHCS in Lahul from shallow crustal levels to the surface was ~ 1–2 mm/a and occurred during the past ~ 2.5 Ma. Bedrock exhumation in Lahul fits into a regional pattern in the HHCS of low-temperature thermochronometers yielding Plio-Pleistocene ages. Surface exposure ages of strath terraces along the Chandra River range from ~ 3.5 to 0.2 ka. Two sites along the Chandra River show a correlation between TCN age and height above the river level yielding maximum incision rates of 12 and 5.5 mm/a. Comparison of our AHe and surface exposure ages from Lahul with thermochronometry data from the fastest uplifting region at the western end of the Himalaya, the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, illustrates that there are contrasting regions in the High Himalaya where longer term (10⁵–10⁷ years) erosion and exhumation of bedrock substantially differ even though Holocene rates of fluvial incision are comparable. These data imply that the orogen's indenting corners are regions where focused denudation has been stable since the mid-Pliocene. However, away from these localized areas where there is a potent coupling of tectonic and surface processes that produce rapid uplift and denudation, Plio-Pleistocene erosion and exhumation can be characterized by disequilibrium, where longer term rates are relatively slower and shorter term fluvial erosion is highly variable over time and distance. The surface exposure age data reflect differential incision along the length of the Chandra River over millennial time frames, illustrate the variances that are possible in Himalayan river incision, and highlight the complexity of Himalayan environments.     

藏南冲巴雍错淡色花岗岩体热年代学及其对藏南拆离系和亚东裂谷构造活动时限的制约

藏南拆离系和亚东裂谷是藏南地区重要的伸展构造,与青藏高原的隆升和生长密切相关,其新生代以来的构造热-年代学研究,对探讨高原的生长过程和大陆变形动力学具有重要意义。本文对西藏南部亚东地区的冲巴雍错花岗岩进行了U-Pb定年和低温热年代学分析,结果表明,岩体自22Ma侵位后经历了5个不同的冷却阶段：18~15.6Ma期间岩体的冷却速率为125℃/Myr;15.6~11Ma期间,平均冷却速率约94℃/Myr;11~7Ma期间,平均冷却速率约24℃/Myr;7~3Ma平均冷却速率约5℃/Myr;3Ma以后平均冷却速率约为14℃/Myr。因岩体位于藏南拆离系内,又被亚东断层切过,认为藏南拆离系的活动时限为22~11Ma,亚东正断层的起始活动时间为11Ma,且热历史模拟结果显示岩体在~3Ma发生了快速冷却,可能指示了亚东裂谷的一次强烈活动。     

湘东南地区中、新生代山体隆升过程的热年代学研究

湘东南地区位于南岭中段北缘。本文应用热年代学方法,测定了湘东南地区5个侵入体的热历史,进而分析湘东南中新生代的隆升过程,并结合区域构造背景,对热演化过程与构造发展过程之间的关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明,湘东南地区中新生代山体隆升过程总体上分为由较快速→快速→缓慢→快速的4个阶段,222～146.Ma期间以0.069mm/a的平均速率较快隆升,146.4～94.11Ma期间以0.113～0.186mm/a的平均速率快速隆升,94.11～14.8Ma期间以0.014～0.028mm/a的平均速率缓慢隆升,14.8Ma～0.0Ma以0.143～0.295mm/a的平均速率快速隆升。晚近时期的隆升总体呈加速趋势。隆升过程在空间上具有非均匀性,不同岩体间隆升过程存在差异。地壳隆升过程在时间上具有明显的互补性,早期具较快速或较大幅度隆升的岩体,通常伴随着晚期相对较慢和较小幅度的隆升。根据热年代学分析结果,结合区域构造背景和其它地质资料,推断五峰仙、大义山、骑田岭等地区在中三叠世后期因构造叠置增厚了4100～7700m以上,证明印支运动早期为强烈的陆内挤压造山运动。燕山晚期岩体隆升和降温由早期构造剥蚀和晚期风化剥蚀造成,并具有良好的盆地沉积响应。湘东南地区晚近时期的快速隆升是区域性整体抬升。