养殖对曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)群体遗传多样性的影响

采用24条随机引物对曼氏无针乌贼1个野生群体和5代养殖群体共120个个体(每个群体20个个体)进行了RAPD群体遗传多样性分析,共扩增出119个位点,片段大小为400-2800bp,平均每条引物的扩增带数为4.96条。各群体的多态位点数19-24个不等,多态位点比例为13.33%-20.16%,Shannon指数为0.0768-0.1018。6个群体的平均杂合度为0.0825-0.1231,期望杂合度为0.1325-0.1524,平均杂合子偏离指数均为负值,表明存在杂合子缺失的现象。乌贼6个群体遗传分化系数FST值在0.0188-0.2436,其中最大出现在野生群体和第5代养殖群体之间。表明6个群体间遗传分化已基本处于遗传分化中等的范围内,而野生群体和第5代养殖群体之间已接近中等分化的底线。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,6个群体的遗传变异中有29.34%是由不同群体间的基因差异造成的。而如果将养殖后的5代群体作为一个总的群体,养殖群体内部有19.38%是由群体间的差异造成的。由此可见,养殖后的曼氏无针乌贼群体相比野生群体多样性指数有所降低,且随着养殖时间的增长养殖群体内部开始出现分化。     

Significance of selective crystal entrainment and differential crystal-melt separation in petrogenesis of granites from the Tongbai orogen

Partial melting has been shown to be an important mechanism for intracrustal differentiation and granite petrogenesis. However, a series of compositional differences between granitic melt from experiments and natural granites indicate that the processes of crustal differentiation are complex. To shed light on factors that control the processes of crustal differentiation, and then the compositions of granitic magma, a combined study of petrology and geochemistry was carried out for granites (in the forms of granitic veins and parautochthonous granite) from a granulite terrane in the Tongbai orogen, China. These granites are characterized by high SiO₂ (>72 wt%) and low FeO and MgO (<4 wt%) with low Na₂O/K₂O ratios (<0.7). Minerals in these granites show variable microstructures and compositions. Phase equilibrium modelling using P–T pseudosections shows that neither anatectic melts nor fractionated melts match the compositions of the target granites, challenging the conventional paradigm that granites are the crystallized product of pure granitic melts. Based on the microstructural features of minerals in the granites, and a comparison of their compositions with crystallized minerals from anatectic melts and minerals in granulites, the minerals in these granitoids are considered to have three origins. The first is entrained garnets, which show comparable compositions with those in host granulites. The second is early crystallized mineral from melts, which include large plagioclase and K-feldspar (with high Ca contents) crystals as well as a part of biotite whose compositions can be reproduced by crystallization of the anatectic melts. The compositions of other minerals such as small grained plagioclase, K-feldspar and anorthoclase in the granites with low Ca contents are not well reconstructed, so they are considered as the third origin of crystallized products of fractionated melts. The results of mass balance calculation show that the compositions of these granites can be produced by mixing between different proportions of crystallized minerals and fractionated melts with variable amounts of entrained minerals. However, the calculated modal proportions of different crystallized minerals (plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite and quartz) in the granites are significantly different from those predicted by melt crystallization modelling. Specifically, some rocks have lower modes of biotite and plagioclase, whereas others show lower K-feldspar modes than those produced by melt crystallization. This indicates that the crystallized minerals would be differentially separated from the primary magmas to form the evolved magmas that produce these granites. Therefore, the crystal entrainment and differential melt-crystal separation make important contributions to the composition of the target granites. Compared with leucogranites worldwide, the target granites show comparable compositions. As such, the leucogranites may form through the crystal fractionation of primary granitic magmas at different extents in addition to variable degrees of partial melting.