A Successive Shift Box-Counting Method for Calculating Fractal Dimensions and Its Application in Identification of Faults

Fractal dimensions of a terrain quantitatively describe the self-organized structure of the terrain geometry. However, the local topographic variation cannot be illustrated by the conventional box-counting method. This paper proposes a successive shift box-counting method, in which the studied object is divided into small sub-objects that are composed of a series of grids according to its characteristic scaling. The terrain fractal dimensions in the grids are calculated with the successive shift box-counting method and the scattered points with values of fractal dimensions are obtained. The present research shows that the planar variation of fractal dimensions is well consistent with fault traces and geological boundaries.     

2017年南京酸雨特征及连续发生的成因分析

利用南京市1992—2017年逐日酸雨监测数据、2017年大气污染物浓度和探空资料,研究了2017年连续酸雨出现特征及成因。结果表明:2017年南京酸雨发生频率38%,为近5 a来最低;年降水pH值为4.92,大于2014年,小于2015年和2016年;秋季酸雨发生频率最高、酸度最强,春季次之,夏季酸雨污染最轻;全年共出现了4次连续酸雨过程,高空多短波槽活动和低空切变的长时间维持为连续酸雨的产生提供了有利的环境背景,局地污染源、受低层风引导的外来污染物以及“假日效应”的叠加影响共同造成南京强酸雨的出现;此外,由于大气中水汽和能量的季节差异,也造成每次过程在降水强度、降水pH值上有所不同。     

Post‐repair effect of column jackets on aftershock fragilities of damaged RC bridges subjected to successive earthquakes

In light of recent earthquakes, structures damaged during an initial seismic event (mainshock) may be more vulnerable to severe damage and collapse during a subsequent event (aftershock). In this paper, a framework for the development of aftershock fragilities is presented; these aftershock fragilities define the likelihood that a bridge damaged during an initial event will exhibit a given damage state following one or more subsequent events. The framework is capable of (i) quantifying the cumulative damage of unrepaired bridges subjected to mainshock–aftershock sequences (effect of multiple earthquakes) and (ii) evaluating the effectiveness of column repair schemes such as steel and fiber‐reinforced‐polymer jackets (post‐repair effect of jackets). To achieve this aim, the numerical model of repaired columns is validated using existing experimental results. A non‐seismically designed bridge is chosen as a case study and is modeled for three numerical bridge models: a damaged (but unrepaired) bridge model, and two bridge models with columns repaired with steel and fiber‐reinforced polymer jackets. A series of back‐to‐back dynamic analyses under successive earthquakes are performed for each level of existing damage. Using simulated results, failure probabilities of components for multiple limit states are computed for each bridge model and then are used to evaluate the relative vulnerability of components associated with cumulative damage and column repair. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京地区主要传染病与气象条件关系的探讨

对肝炎、痢疾、猩红热的发病率与气象要素的相关分析表明:肝炎月发病率与前第2个月的月平均温度、月平均最高温度、月平均最低温度呈负相关;痢疾月发病率与当月的月平均最高温度、月平均温度呈正相关;猩红热月发病人数与前第5个月的月平均相对湿度、月平均风速呈负相关.建立了肝炎、痢疾月发病率及猩红热月发病人数与气象要素的回归方程,因此,可根据气象要素的预报预测主要传染病的发病趋势.     

Conditional Simulation of Random Fields by Successive Residuals

This paper presents a new approach to the LU decomposition method for the simulation of stationary and ergodic random fields. The approach overcomes the size limitations of LU and is suitable for any size simulation. The proposed approach can facilitate fast updating of generated realizations with new data, when appropriate, without repeating the full simulation process. Based on a novel column partitioning of the L matrix, expressed in terms of successive conditional covariance matrices, the approach presented here demonstrates that LU simulation is equivalent to the successive solution of kriging residual estimates plus random terms. Consequently, it can be used for the LU decomposition of matrices of any size. The simulation approach is termed conditional simulation by successive residuals as at each step, a small set (group) of random variables is simulated with a LU decomposition of a matrix of updated conditional covariance of residuals. The simulated group is then used to estimate residuals without the need to solve large systems of equations.     

Variations of nutrient element contents of plants and soils in the process of karst rocky desertification

The present research on karst rocky desertification is mainly focused on qualitative analysis and obviously lack of quantitative and successive mechanism studies. Currently, classification of rocky desertification grades mainly depends on ratio of rocky coverage or ratio of plant and soil coverage. The process of rocky desertification was divided into latent, slight, medium and serious grades without mention of soil degradation. The Cha＇eryan catchment in the Huajiang Gorge of Guizhou Province was selected as the research area in this paper. Soil basic physical characteristics, nutrient element contents of soil and plant were studied in the process of rocky desertification. The karst soil characteristics elucidated that the clay content was high, the contents of soil organic matter, nutrient element （except potassium and sodium）, available contents of elements （except of potassium） were also high; ashes of plants were rich in calcium and nitrogen, and poor in iron, zinc, potassium and phosphorus. Meanwhile, the contents of plant ashes showed a significant positive relationship with calcium content of plant. There were no clear relations between soil degradation and succession of rocky desertification according to current classification standard. Soil particle size distribution, specific gravity, soil organic matter content, total and available nutrient element contents did not vary with the succession of rocky desertification.     

耦合WorldView-2和珠海一号影像的红树林物种分布

红树林物种遥感分类受影像分辨率、波段信息、分类策略、影像特征选择方法等因素影响。现有的红树林物种遥感分类研究大多关注于分类精度的比较,较少报道商业高分与国产高光谱卫星的结合在物种分类的应用。基于湛江高桥红树林保护区的高分（WorldView-2）和高光谱（珠海一号）卫星影像,本文旨在利用随机森林分类方法,比较不同特征选择算法（极端梯度提升（XGBoost）、极端随机树（ERT）、连续投影算法（SPA））和不同空间分辨率（WorldView-2影像从0.5 m的分辨率重采样为1 m、2 m、4 m、8 m、10 m）对红树林物种分类精度的影响,并耦合WorldView-2与珠海一号影像研究红树林物种空间分布格局及影响因素。每种空间分辨率的WorldView-2影像提取248个特征（52个光谱特征及196个纹理特征）,珠海一号影像提取117个光谱特征。结果表明,XGBoost方法优于ERT和SPA,在影像特征选择中具有巨大优势;与其他空间分辨率相比,2 m分辨率的WorldView-2影像具有更高的分类精度;耦合WorldView-2和珠海一号影像的分类精度（分辨率：2 m,总体精度：88.98%,kappa系数：0.846）高于单一的WorldView-2影像（分辨率：2 m,总体精度：83.47%,kappa系数：0.768）和珠海一号影像（分辨率：10 m,总体精度：78.50%,kappa系数：0.703）;另外,林窗、高程、离岸距离一定程度上影响红树林物种分布格局。本文表明WorldView-2与珠海一号高光谱影像的结合在景观及区域尺度上精确提取红树林物种信息具有巨大潜力,有利于红树林生物多样性保护及科学管理。     

Factors controlling landslide frequency–area distributions

A power-law relation for the frequency–area distribution (FAD) of medium and large landslides (e.g. tens to millions of square meters) has been observed by numerous authors. But the FAD of small landslides diverges from the power-law distribution, with a rollover point below which frequencies decrease for smaller landslides. Some studies conclude that this divergence is an artifact of unmapped small landslides due to lack of spatial or temporal resolution; others posit that it is caused by the change in the underlying failure process. An explanation for this dilemma is essential both to evaluate the factors controlling FADs of landslides and power-law scaling, which is a crucial factor regarding both landscape evolution and landslide hazard assessment. This study examines the FADs of 45 earthquake-induced landslide inventories from around the world in the context of the proposed explanations. We show that each inventory probably involves some combination of the proposed explanations, though not all explanations contribute to each case. We propose an alternative explanation to understand the reason for the divergence from a power-law. We suggest that the geometry of a landslide at the time of mapping reflects not just one single movement but many, including the propagation of numerous smaller landslides before and after the main failure. Because only the resulting combination of these landslides can be observed due to a lack of temporal resolution, many smaller landslides are not taken into account in the inventory. This reveals that the divergence from the power-law is not necessarily attributed to the incompleteness of an inventory. This conceptual model will need to be validated by ongoing observation and analysis. Also, we show that because of the subjectivity of mapping procedures, the total number of landslides and total landslide areas in inventories differ significantly, and therefore the shapes of FADs also differ considerably. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

多源卫星高度计有效波高数据融合方法研究

有效波高数据融合可以弥补单颗卫星高度计数据存在的时间和空间分辨率不足的问题,为有效波高的海洋学应用提供更精确的分析资料.对反距离加权法、克里金插值法和逐步订正法等数据融合方法进行了研究,得到了适合于有效波高数据融合的模型和参数,并利用GFO,Jason-1和Envisat高度计获取的我国海域及其邻近海域有效波高数据,对不同融合方法、滤波器窗口和卫星个数等影响融合结果的因素进行了分析,结果表明:(1)融合后的有效波高分布特征与前人多年统计分析结果基本一致;(2)数据较密集时,不同融合方法的结果差别不大;(3)选择的滤波器窗口大小与时间分辨率有关,对于时间分辨率为10d的融合而言,采用2.5°×2.5°~3°×3°大小的滤波器窗口所得到的融合结果最合适;(4)参加融合的卫星个数至少为3颗.     

中国东南部冬季连降水日天气与低纬度及南半球高层环流的关系

分析了１９８４－１９８５年中国东南部连降水日与连晴日天气和低纬度与南半球高层环流间的联系。发出除了散度场有利于连降水日天气外，南支急流区低值系统与连降水日天气也有关。这可从高层经向分布及涡动动、热量分布等环流及低层高度场分布特征证实它们对东亚副热带急流及锋区的加强北移起推动作用。