THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN THE TIANSHAN OROGENIC BELT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KAIDUHE FAULT

As the most active intracontinental orogenic belt in the world, the Tianshan orogenic belt has complex and diverse internal structural deformation patterns, and among them, the particularly striking is the linear straight U-type valley landscapes which cut inside the mountains by multiple NW-SE and ENE-WSW strike-slip faults. Many of the modern strong earthquakes in Tianshan orogenic belt are closely related to these strike-slip faults. Therefore, it is important to elaborate the activity characteristics of these faults to understand the deformation process inside the Tianshan Mountains belt. This paper focuses on one of the NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip fault (the Kaiduhe Fault), which lies inside the southeastern Tianshan. Typical offset landforms and scarp lineaments on the western segment of the Kaiduhe Fault can be used to study the activity characteristics and strike-slip rate. In particular, the fault cuts through the late Quaternary alluvial fans and a series of river gullies were right-laterally faulted, producing dextral offsets ranging from 3 to 248m. A digital elevation model (DEM)with resolution of 0.25m was established by using multi-angle photogrammetry technique to stripe about 12km linear tectonic landforms along the Kaiduhe Fault. Geological and geomorphic mapping in DEM with 22 high-resolution dextral offset measurements reveals that the dextral offsets can be divide into four groups of 3.5m, 7.0m, 11.8m and 14.5m. It is presumed from the approximately uniformly-spaced offsets that the coseismic offset was 3~4m. In addition, the exposure age of an older alluvial fan surface was about 235.7ka by in situ ¹⁰Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide method. Combining the exposure ages and the maximum dextral offset of 248m, we found that the strike-slip rate of the Kaiduhe Fault is about 1mm/a. It is found by this study that the Kaiduhe Fault plays an important role in regulating SN compression deformation within Tianshan Mountains, and it should also be the main stress-strain accumulation area which has the risk of occurrence of strong earthquake.     

塔里木盆地顺南地区走滑断裂发育特征及演化

顺南地区位于塔里木盆地塔中隆起北部.受多期构造应力影响,该地区以走滑断裂大量发育为典型特征.对三维地震资料的精细解释和深入分析结果表明,研究区走滑断裂具有垂向分层、平面分段、多期次构造叠加的特征.顺南地区主要发育北东、北东东和北西向3组走滑断裂.北东向断裂活动性强,平面上发育雁列式断层及马尾状构造,剖面上主要发育对称花状、正花状与负花状上下分层叠置的复合花状构造.北东东和北西向断裂活动性较弱,剖面上以单条直立走滑断裂为主,平面上呈线性延伸或由多段同向走滑断层连接而成.根据断层构造样式和受力性质,将顺南1断裂沿走向划分为4段：2个复合花状-拉张段和2个简单花状-挤压段,拉张段和挤压段沿走向交替出现.顺南走滑断裂的形成主要经历了5期构造运动：加里东早期、加里东中期Ⅰ幕、加里东中期Ⅲ幕、加里东晚期-海西早期和海西晚期.其中,加里东中期Ⅰ幕和加里东中期Ⅲ幕为该区主要断层活动期.     

青藏铁路邻侧昆仑山2001年Ms8．1级地震地表破裂特征分析

青藏铁路邻侧的地震地表破裂调查显示昆仑山2001年8．1级地震地表破裂明显呈水平左旋走滑性质，地震破裂带主要由NE向的张裂和NW向地震鼓包呈之字型沿昆仑山口断裂线性分布构成。青藏公路邻侧的地震破裂的实际左旋位移量为4．3～4．81m。地震的强烈破坏主要集中在地震破裂带上，在青藏公路附近见其影响范围可延至破裂带南北两侧10～50km范围内。     

1970年通海Ms7.7地震后青藏高原东南部小江断裂带和红河断裂带的库仑应力变化研究

基于1970年通海MS7.7地震的破裂参数,利用模型对不同岩石圈流变特性下库仑破裂应力的变化进行研究,探讨通海地震的静态同震变形和短期震后变形对小江断裂带和红河断裂带上潜在地震活动的影响。结果表明,这2条断裂带的一些断裂段在深度7.5 km处库仑破裂应力增量(ΔCFS)的震时变化达到0.12~0.50 bar,48 a后由于下地壳和上地幔的应力松弛,相同位置的库仑破裂应力增量高达0.22~0.90 bar。说明1970年通海MS7.7地震增强了小江断裂带和红河断裂带上潜在的地震活动性,在将来的地震工作中应加强对其的研究,并通过增加野外观测的方式监测其地震活动与地壳运动模式。     

Structural feature and tectonic evolution of Awati——Bachu area in Tarim Basin

The research area is situated in the western part of Tarim basin,which includes Awati depression and Bachu uplifted block. It underwent three times processes of compression in a large scale and a near term extension since Cambrian. The first compression occurred during Middle Cambrian to Devonian, which formed fault band folds in NW axial direction. They were "under-water uplift"and distributed all over the research area. The second compression occurred in Late Permian and formed fault band folds and a few fault propagation folds in NS axial direction. They are developed near Tumuxiuke fault belt and the northern research area. The western anticline is bigger than the eastern one in extent and size. The third compression occurred during Palaeogene to Quaternary and formed tumuxiuke fault belt and fault propagation folds in NW direction. They are distributed over the south part of the research area. Tumuxiuke fault belt is a big scale dextral reversed strike-slip fault belt; it transformed or destroyed the fold structure of the research area. A short-term extension occurred during Early Permian. Tarim Basin is in the rift forming stage of craton, and there exist widespread basic volcanic rocks, basic intrusive bodies and dikes.     

沂沭断裂带晚白垩世-早古新世左行走滑的低温年代学约束

沂沭断裂带晚白垩世地层中保留大量的左行压剪的几何学与运动证据,左行活动时限为晚白垩世—古近纪。取自4条主断层的不同部位断层泥及断层碎裂岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,远小于周围未发生变形的地层年龄,构造活动使得断层带物质的磷灰石裂变径迹完全退火。通过相关软件对不同磷灰石裂变径迹数据模拟,显示在70~60Ma前及约10Ma开始出现快速抬升(冷却)。综合分析认为,沂沭断裂在70~60Ma经历过较大规模左行挤压活动。约10Ma的快速抬升事件,具有区域性,可能与青藏高原约10Ma的快速伸展有关。     

西秦岭地区东昆仑-秦岭断裂系晚新生代左旋走滑历史及其向东扩展

要通过在TM遥感图像解译和野外观测的基础上,描述了东昆仑断裂带东段活动形迹的组成和活动断层地貌特征,阐述了甘南高原西秦岭地区新近纪拉分盆地的沉积-构造特征,提出了该区东昆仑-秦岭断裂系晚新生代左旋走滑伸展-走滑挤压-走滑伸展的3个阶段的构造变形模式。指出,中新世晚期至上新世早期,东昆仑-秦岭断裂系以左旋走滑伸展活动为主,伴随着西秦岭地区拉分盆地的形成和超基性火山岩群的发育。这期左旋走滑伸展活动向东扩展导致了渭河盆地新近纪引张应力方向由早期的NE-SW向转变为晚期的NW—SE向。上新世晚期以来(约3．4Ma以前),东昆仑-秦岭断裂系以左旋走滑挤压活动为主,导致早期拉分盆地的轻微褶皱变形,走滑挤压活动主要集中在东昆仑东段玛沁-玛曲主断裂带上。该期构造变动持续到早更新世,它的向东扩展产生了广泛的地壳形变效应,包括青藏东缘岷山隆起带的快速崛起、华北地区汾-渭地堑系的形成和发展以及郯庐断裂带右旋走滑活动等。中、晚更新世时期,断裂系以走滑伸展变形为主,主要集中在东昆仑断裂带东段3个分支上,地块向东挤出伴随着顺时针旋转。     

东昆仑南部西大滩断裂的地震鼓包及形成时代

在昆仑山南部西大滩与东大滩谷地,沿西大滩活动断裂发育大量串珠状斜列分布的地震鼓包,与不同类型的地震破裂、地震楔、地震陡坎和地震凹陷伴生,在探槽剖面表现为全新世砂土层和晚更新世砾石层的背斜褶皱变形;地震鼓包长轴走向290°~300°,与西大滩活动断裂呈10°~20°交角,锐角指示西大滩断裂左旋走滑运动方向。对探槽剖面不同层位的沉积物、断层破碎带和地震崩积楔分别取样,进行热释光和光释光测年,发现西大滩断裂的地震鼓包主要形成于全新世早期,对应于10.2ka BP、8.6~8.7ka BP、7.0ka BP、6.10ka BP4期古地震事件。估算西大滩断裂全新世早期强烈地震的复发周期为0.9~1.7ka,断裂左旋走滑速率为5.3~10.0mm/a,平均约7.7mm/a。全新世晚期西大滩断裂的构造活动性显著减弱,强烈地震向南迁移至库赛湖断裂。