北京西山寒武系滑塌构造的初步研究

北京西山地区的寒武系层序完整,剖面出露好,是中国地质学家研究寒武系的经典地区之一.前人对北京地区寒武系的研究集中于百花山北麓清水河永定河流域的军庄、丁家滩、下苇甸、青白口至军饷之间的露头.作者等在北京房山地区百花山南麓进行地质考察中,在上寒武统崮山组下部的中薄层条带状灰岩和砾屑灰岩中发现了典型的滑塌变形层,变形主要表现为发育大量的小型层间微型断裂或褶皱,大部分断裂表现为小型的低角度逆冲性质,断裂面呈舒缓波状,平均倾角10°左右,微型断裂面上盘还可见更次级的微型褶曲或断层和布丁.滑塌变形层之下还发现了与古地震有成因关系的楔状构造和特殊的砾岩.结合前人在寒武系中已经发现的震积岩,初步认为,这种典型的滑塌变形的直接触发机制很可能是伴随着华北古板块在中寒武世末与晚寒武世之间的“翘翘板式运动”而发生的古地震.     

A new method of combination of electroosmosis,vacuum and surcharge preloading for soft ground improvement

As a rapid and effective ground improvement method is urgently required for the booming land reclamation in China＇s coastal area, this study proposes a new combined method of electroosmosis, vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading. A new type of electrical prefabricated vertical drain （ePVD） and a new electroosmotic drainage system are suggested to allow the application of the new method. This combined method is then field-tested and compared with the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method. The monitoring and foundation test results show that the new method induces a settlement 20% larger than that of the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method in the same treatment period, and saves approximately half of the treatment time compared with the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method according to the finite element prediction of the settlement. The proposed method also increases the vane shear strength of the soil significantly. The bearing capacity of the ground improved by use of the new proposed method raises 118%. In comparison, there is only a 75% rise when using the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method during the same reinforcement period. All results indicate that the proposed combined method is effective and suitable for reinforcing the soft clay ground. Besides, the voltage applied between the anode and cathode increases exponentially versus treatment time when the output current of power supplies is kept constant. Most of the voltage potential in electroosmosis is lost at electrodes, leaving smaller than 50% of the voltage to be effectively transmitted into the soil.     

组合桶形基础水平循环承载力模型试验

在一个大型土池中进行了软土中组合四桶基础在竖向静荷载与水平循环荷载共同作用下的承载力模型试验,研究了竖向静荷载与水平循环荷载对组合桶形基础破坏形式与承载力的影响。试验结果表明,组合四桶基础的变形主要包括水平循环变形与竖向循环累积沉降。基础的破坏形式取决于水平循环荷载与竖向静荷载。若竖向静荷载较小,过大的水平循环位移将导致基础破坏;随竖向静荷载增加,竖向循环累积沉降将变为导致基础破坏的主要原因。试验结果还表明,在不同竖向静荷载与水平循环荷载共同作用下,基础的水平循环承载力大约为水平静承载力的70%左右。     

软弱砂岩骨料碾压混凝土的配制及其特性研究

在东南亚和我国西南地区由于缺乏合适的原材料,必须采用软弱骨料配制混凝土。以东南亚某工程现场的软弱砂岩为原材料,开展碾压混凝土配制和性能试验工作,探讨了该骨料配制碾压混凝土的可行性。采用软化系数为0.71的软弱砂岩,配制强度等级分别为C18020的二级配碾压混凝土和C1807.5的三级配碾压混凝土。结果表明,采用该砂岩骨料可以配制出满足强度要求的碾压混凝土,其用水量比常规骨料高15~20 kg/m3,拌和物密度和抗压弹模较低。其中,二级配碾压混凝土采用50%粉煤灰掺量、0.55水胶比;三级配碾压混凝土采用60%粉煤灰掺量、0.65水胶比。骨料抗碾压破碎模拟试验表明该骨料在碾压过程中破坏程度很低,说明采用该软弱骨料配制碾压混凝土具有可行性。     

One decade of multi-objective calibration approaches in hydrological modelling: a review

Abstract

One decade after the first publications on multi-objective calibration of hydrological models, we summarize the experience gained so far by underlining the key perspectives offered by such approaches to improve parameter identification. After reviewing the fundamentals of vector optimization theory and the algorithmic issues, we link the multi-criteria calibration approach with the concepts of uncertainty and equifinality. Specifically, the multi-criteria framework enables recognition and handling of errors and uncertainties, and detection of prominent behavioural solutions with acceptable trade-offs. Particularly in models of complex parameterization, a multi-objective approach becomes essential for improving the identifiability of parameters and augmenting the information contained in calibration by means of both multi-response measurements and empirical metrics (“soft” data), which account for the hydrological expertise. Based on the literature review, we also provide alternative techniques for dealing with conflicting and non-commeasurable criteria, and hybrid strategies to utilize the information gained towards identifying promising compromise solutions that ensure consistent and reliable calibrations.

Citation Efstratiadis, A. & Koutsoyiannis, D. (2010) One decade of multi-objective calibration approaches in hydrological modelling: a review. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(1), 58–78.     

长螺旋CFG桩处理软地基的研究与应用

长螺旋钻机成孔CFG桩施T是近年来新兴的一项基础工程施工技术,在工程建设领域有着广泛的应用,尤其适用于对软土地基的处理。该技术施工噪声低,成桩速度快,效果好,得到了广大施工技术人员的青睐。CFG桩复合地基可以大大提高地基承载力,减小地基的沉降,进而满足设计要求。本文介绍了长螺旋钻机成孔CFG桩的成桩工艺流程、理论设计、质量控制措施,并以工程实例进行佐证,以期该施工技术得到更加广泛应用和发展。     

浅埋偏压软弱围岩隧道施工监测分析与处理

通过对某软弱围岩区浅埋偏压条件下的公路隧道拱顶下沉与周边收敛监控量测数据的分析,总结了长施工期内浅埋偏压隧道开挖后围岩的变形规律,介绍了现场处理偏压的工程措施,分析了内外因素对偏压隧道施工的影响,可为相近工程地质条件下的隧道进洞施工提供借鉴。     

洞松水电站引水隧洞软质围岩变形分析及工程对策

隧洞施工中,软质围岩洞段洞室严重变形,掌子面坍塌.根据该工程特点和开挖洞段技术资料,通过原位测试、试验和监测手段,研究软质围岩变形特征和机理.在此基础上,建议施工遵循短进尺快循环、弱爆破强排水、早封闭强支衬、勤监测速反馈、边开挖边衬砌的施工原则.     

强夯过程中软弱土和橡皮土的处理技术

分析了地基强夯前软土和强夯过程中局部橡皮土的成因,鉴别方法,总结了多种预防措施和治理方法,可为同类工程提供借鉴和参考。     

液压剪切式取样钻具的研究

在海洋和陆地水域等松软地层钻探取样过程中,使用常规取样钻具取样易造成样品质量差、取样率低等现象,为此特别设计一种液压剪切式取样工具。介绍了该钻具的设计原理、结构参数和试验效果。