不同放牧方式对岩溶区土壤养分的影响 ——以广西桂林岩溶区实验基地为例

根据实验数据,探讨了不同放牧方式对岩溶区土壤的肥力、微量元素含量、水涵养性等的影响。结果表明,在正常放牧的情况下,能迅速提高牧草区土壤的养分和水的涵养性,减少水土流失,灌木种植初期不宜进行放牧;而在人为破坏和过度放牧的情况下,可在短期内导致岩溶区生态环境向着恶化的方向演替,土壤养分的各项指标下降到甚至低于未修复前的状态。     

呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化土地的综合整治区划

呼伦贝尔草原的沙漠化土地现在多处于由级向级发展的阶段,有很大的发展潜力和危险性,必须对其进行综合整治。其主要成因是过度放牧,过度放牧不仅直接使砂质草原发生沙漠化,而且还严重影响天然樟子松的天然更新和扩展,因此必须对放牧进行科学的规划和管理。作者遵循地带性和非地带性相结合原则、发生学原则、主导性原则、与已有的相关区划相统一原则,把呼伦贝尔草原划分为2个综合整治亚区和5个综合整治小区,并提出了相应的综合整治对策。     

三江源区高寒草地载畜量及超载状况分析(英文)

The Three-River Headwaters region in China is an ecological barrier providing environmental protection and regional sustainable development for the mid-stream and downstream areas, which also plays an important role in animal husbandry in China. This study estimated the grassland yield in the Three-River Headwaters region based on MODIS NPP data, and calculated the proper livestock-carrying capacity of the grassland. We analyzed the overgrazing number and its spatial distribution characteristics through data comparison between actual and proper livestock-carrying capacity. The results showed the following:(1) total grassland yield(hay) in the Three-River Headwaters region was 10.96 million tons in 2010 with an average grassland yield of 465.70 kg/hm2(the spatial distribution presents a decreasing trend from the east and southeast to the west and northwest in turn);(2) the proper livestock-carrying capacity in the Three-River Headwaters region is 12.19 million sheep units(hereafter described as "SU"), and the average stocking capacity is 51.27 SU [the proper carrying capacity is above 100 SU/km2in the eastern counties, 60 SU/km2in the central counties(except Madoi County), and 30 SU/km2in the western counties]; and(3) total overgrazing number was 6.52 million SU in the Three-River Headwaters region in 2010, with an average overgrazing ratio of 67.88% and an average overgrazing number of 27.43 SU/km2. A higher overgrazing ratio occurred in Tongde, Xinghai, Yushu, Henan and Zêkog. There was no overgrazing in Zhiduo, Tanggula Township and Darlag, Qumerleb and Madoi. The remainder of the counties had varying degrees of overgrazing.     

青藏高原玛曲冬季牧场土壤有机碳空间分布格局研究

选取60个样点,采用分层（0~15 cm,15~30 cm）采样方法,对青藏高原玛曲草地冬季牧场土壤有机碳的空间分布特征进行了系统地研究。结果显示：在水平分布上,玛曲北部（包括西北部）和东南部的有机碳较高（其含量分别为58.78 g·kg^-1和45.78 g·kg^-1）,而东部（包括东北部）和中部的有机碳较低（其含量分别为39.65 g·kg^-1和38.32 g·kg^-1）;在垂直分布上,土壤有机碳随土壤深度的增加而减小,0~15 cm层的有机碳含量约为其表层（0~30 cm）的53.39%~70.61%。这一结果表明,玛曲北部和东南部应成为未来生态功能区建设的重中之重,严禁过度放牧,尤其是对土壤表层破坏较为严重的各种放牧活动。此外,保存现有联户体,并鼓励更多单户组合成新的联户体也有利于该区土壤有机碳的保护。     

基于土壤粒度分析的草原风蚀特征探讨

对放牧、开垦和围封下内蒙古典型草原地表覆盖状况、土壤粒度与有机碳含量进行测定,分析人类活动对草原风蚀的影响。结果表明,与围封草地相比,过度放牧草地的群落盖度及高度分别降低了44.23%和80.71%,根系生物量下降了37.83%。由于植被覆盖及根系密度的降低,过度放牧草地土壤表现出明显的风蚀特征,表层土壤粗粒化明显,表层土壤平均粒径比围封草地增加了约1倍。而开垦造成的风蚀程度则更为严重,开垦使表层土壤颗粒平均粒径增加2.5倍。因此,过牧与开垦下的典型草原已形成为一个重要的沙尘源。土壤颗粒粗化直接引起土壤有机碳含量的下降,土壤中小于0.1 mm颗粒组分每被吹蚀1%,其有机碳含量将减少0.2546 g·kg-1。     

The comparative influence of past management and rainfall on range herbaceous standing crop in east-central Argentina: 14 years of observations

Impacts of six initial treatments and rainfall on maximum above-ground herbaceous standing crop were assessed in 1978 and annually from 1984 to 1992 in rangelands of east-central semi-arid Argentina. Treatments applied in 1977–1978 were: (1) untreated control; (2) burning; (3) herbicide application (shrub control); (4) Old Field 1 or (5) Old Field 2 (areas previously exposed to different degrees of mechanical soil disturbance for 25 years); and (6) overgrazing. Domestic herbivores were excluded thereafter from all treatments until 1993.During 1984–1992, total above-ground herbaceous standing crop often remained greater in both Old Fields than in the other treatments; highest mean values were 2336 and 1640 kg ha⁻¹for Old Field 1 and Old Field 2 treatments, respectively. Lowest total above-ground standing crops in all treatments (M = 296–475 kg ha⁻¹) occurred in 1989, the year with the lowest annual rainfall (257·5 mm). Desirable perennial grasses contributed most (44–100%) to total herbaceous standing crop in all treatments during the study period. Most of this standing crop was made up of the cool-season grassesPiptochaetium napostaense, Poa ligularis, Stipa clarazii, S. papposaandS. tenuis. Annual rainfall was closely related (p< 0·05) to total herbaceous and desirable perennial grass standing crops in most treatments, and accounted for most of the variation in herbage production between years.     

Sea urchin overgrazing of seagrasses: A review of current knowledge on causes, consequences, and management

Sea urchins are one of the most common seagrass macro-grazers in contemporary seagrass systems. Occasionally their grazing rates exceed seagrass growth rates, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as overgrazing. Because of a reported increasing frequency of overgrazing events, concomitant with loss of seagrass-associated ecosystem services, it has been suggested that overgrazing is one of the key threats to tropical and subtropical seagrasses. In light of this, we review the current knowledge on causes, consequences, and management of sea urchin overgrazing of seagrasses. Initially we argue that the definition of overgrazing must include scale and impairment of ecosystem services, since this is the de facto definition used in the literature, and will highlight the potential societal costs of seagrass overgrazing. A review of 16 identified cases suggests that urchin overgrazing is a global phenomenon, ranging from temperate to tropical coastal waters and involving at least 11 seagrass and 7 urchin species. Even though most overgrazing events seem to affect areas of <0.5 km², and recovery often occurs within a few years, overgrazing can have a range of large, long-term indirect effects such as loss of associated fauna and decreased sediment stabilization. A range of drivers behind overgrazing have been suggested, including bottom-up (nutrient enrichment), top-down (reduced predation control due to e.g. overfishing), “side-in” mechanisms (e.g. changes in water temperature) and natural population fluctuations. Based on recent studies, there seems to be fairly strong support for the top-down and bottom-up hypotheses. However, many potential drivers often co-occur and interact, especially in areas with high anthropogenic pressure, suggesting that multiple disturbances—by simultaneously reducing predation control, increasing urchin recruitment and reducing the resistance of seagrasses—could pave the way for overgrazing. In management, the most common response to overgrazing has been to remove urchins, but limited knowledge of direct and indirect effects makes it difficult to assess the applicability and sustainability of this method. Based on the wide knowledge gaps, which severely limits management, we suggest that future research should focus on (1) identification and quantification of ecosystem and societal scale effects of overgrazing; (2) assessment of the relative importance and interactions of different drivers; and (3) development of a holistic proactive and reactive long-term management agenda.