Tectonic Imprints of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis on the Mesozoic Rocks Exposed in Munda,Mohmand Agency,Northwest Pakistan

Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horizontal bulk shortening followed by NE–SW trending D_3 folds, which developed during SE–NW shortening. Micro- to mesoscopically the NW–SE trending S2 crenulation cleavage, boudins and mineral stretching lineations are overprinted by D_3. The newly established NW–SE trending micro- to mesoscopic structures in Munda termed D_2, which postdated F_1/F_2, is synchronously developed with F3 structures in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. We interpret that D_2 and D_3 folds are counterclockwise rotated in the tectonic event that has evolved the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis after the main phase Indian plate and Kohistan Island Arc collision. Chlorite replacement by biotite in the main matrix crenulation cleavages indicates prograde metamorphism related with D_2. The inclusion of muscovite and biotite in garnet porphyroblasts and the presence of staurolite in these rocks indicate that the Barrovian metamorphic conditions predate D_2 and D_3. We interpret that garnet, staurolite and calcite porphyroblasts grew before D_2 because the well developed S2 crenulation cleavage wraps around these porphyroblasts.     

黄土地区活动断层的显微构造和显微沉积学探测

以发育在黄土地层的陕西省西安市临潼—长安断裂为对象,采用显微构造和显微沉积学分析的方法,从微观的角度探讨黄土地层中的活动断层。观测了该断裂上的7个露头剖面和一条探槽剖面,采集样品42件。在室内对所采集的样品进行了显微构造、超微构造和能谱测定(扫描电镜)以及显微沉积学分析。研究结果表明,野外宏观观测难以辨认的断层迹象,在断层带样品的切片(大薄片)上肉眼即可清楚辨别。显微构造观测发现,断层在微观上可以表现为错动面、较宽的断层带、断层破碎带、变形条带、泥质条带和愈合的张裂隙等。扫描电镜观测和能谱测定显示,断层破碎带或泥质条带与其外围地层具有不同的超微结构,而且成分有所变化,表明断层活动过程中有流体的参与,并导致某些元素的带出和带入。粒度分析结果发现,断层样品相对于外围样品,粒度>0.03mm的颗粒减少,<0.03mm的颗粒和粘土质增加,表明黄土地层的断层活动仍有碎裂作用发生。分形分析结果表明,黄土地层的碎屑颗粒分形特征呈弧形分布,但断层样品更趋于线性分布。此外,在其中一个剖面的样品中,发现了震击物(seismite)的一些微观标志,如球状体构造、负荷构造和流体通道构造等。所有研究结果表明,显微构造和显微沉积学分析是黄土地层中活动断层研究的有效手段。     

松散沉积物中活动断层的微观探测方法

松散沉积物中的活动断层常常看不到明显的宏观形迹,构成所谓的隐性断层。单靠探槽和天然露头的宏观观测,常常难以得到全面的认识。因此,开拓松散沉积物中活动断层探测的新思路和新方法是当前的迫切任务。本研究试图另辟蹊径从微观的角度解决这个问题。为此,观测了北京顺义—前门—良乡断裂、太原交城断裂、乌鲁木齐王家沟断裂和西山断裂以及西安临潼—长安断裂的24条探槽和天然露头剖面,采集原态样品140件,散状样品122件,切制大薄片275件。对所采集的样品开展了显微构造、显微沉积学以及扫描电镜(SEM)测定。研究结果表明,松散沉积物中的断层在微观上是有迹可循的,它们可以表现为变形条带、变形条带的带、滑动面、较宽的断层带、微破碎带、碎屑颗粒集中的带和铁质有机质集中的带等。断层内外样品在碎屑颗粒的棱角度、粒度大小、粒度分布特征以及表面结构特征等均有所变化。观测结果还发现了可以和震击物(seismites)的宏观构造标志相互对比的微观标志。显然,上述显微构造和显微沉积学特征可以作为松散沉积物中宏观形迹不明(隐形)断层及其是否伴有古地震事件的微观判断标志。总之,研究结果表明,微观探测是研究松散沉积物中活动断层具广阔应用前景的有效手段。     

显微探测手段在乌鲁木齐市活动断层探测中的应用

目前中国正在广泛开展城市活动断层的探测。但是,这些断层常发育在松散沉积物中,没有明显的宏观形迹。因此,即便开挖了探槽,也往往难以解决这些隐性断层(即宏观形迹不明断层)的延伸情况、是否穿过上覆地层,以及断层的活动性质和方式等关键问题。通过观测乌鲁木齐市的西山和王家沟断裂的13个探槽和天然露头剖面,系统采集样品53件。在室内进行了显微构造、碎屑颗粒棱角度和粒度观测、以及粒度分布分析等。通过显微构造观测所揭示的断层微观表现形式、震击物的微观构造标志以及样品中碎屑颗粒棱角度、粒度大小和分形特征的变化等,解决了宏观探测无法查明的是否存在隐性断层以及有关断层活动方式、断层是否穿过上覆地层等疑难问题。结果表明,微观观测是松散沉积物中宏观形迹不明的活动断层探测的有效手段,它在城市活断层探测工程中具有广阔的应用前景     

Microstructures associated with static and dynamic recrystallization of Carrara marble (Alpi Apuane,NW Tuscany,Italy)

The present contribution summarizes the first results of a study focusing on microstructures from Alpi Apuane marbles. Its aim is both an analysis of the evolution of the metamorphic complex recorded in marbles and the supply of basic material for process-oriented studies on calcite microstructures due to natural deformation. Quantitative analysis of the variations of statically recrystallized microstructures suggest a relationship with the peak metamorphic temperatures. Previously unrecognized post-thermal peak shear zones, showing overprint microstructures typical of grain-boundary migration and dynamic recrystallization, are described; they document the natural deformation of Carrara marble.     

Microstructural constraints on the timing of Proterozoic deformation in Central New Mexico

The nature and extent of deformation associated with 1.4 Ga tectonism in the south-western USA are poorly understood. Two models have been proposed. Both agree that Proterozoic crustal accretion occurred at 1.65 Ga and that the rocks remained at mid-crustal conditions ( c . 12 km depth) until 1.4 Ga. However, one model suggests that 1.4 Ga deformation was regionally extensive, the other that it was localized around 1.4 Ga plutons. Following 1.4 Ga tectonism, the crust cooled below 300 °C. Detailed studies of quartz mylonite microfabrics in samples both adjacent to and removed from 1.4 Ga plutons in the Manzano Mountains, central New Mexico, are used to discriminate between these models of mid-Proterozoic thermotectonic history. In this area, as in much of northern New Mexico, the metamorphic conditions prior to emplacement of 1.4 Ga plutons were 500 °C and 4 kbar. The quartz mylonite microfabrics include ribbon grains, recrystallized grains with serrated boundaries, and strong c-axis crystallographic preferred orientations, which indicate no post-deformational modification. All of these microfabrics are consistent with deformation at upper greenschist/lower amphibolite facies conditions, and could have formed during either 1.65 or 1.4 Ga tectonism. Microfabrics formed during 1.65 Ga tectonism, however, should have been substantially modified by annealing recrystallization during residency in the middle crust and/or thermal/mechanical effects associated with 1.4 Ga tectonism. The observed microstructures are consistent with regional deformation associated with metamorphism at 1.4 Ga. The effects of deformation at 1.4 Ga in New Mexico are therefore more widespread than previously thought.     

柴达木盆地周边断裂超微构造变形特征及其应力-应变环境

通过断裂超微变形构造分析,对柴达木盆地周边断裂构造发育的应力-应变环境进行了较为深入的探讨。研究结果表明:新高泉断裂超微构造以密度较低的平直位错线为典型特征,反映了相对较低的应力-应变环境;大头羊逆冲断裂位错密度高,位错形态复杂,呈弯曲状延伸,局部发育位错环,应力-应变环境较高;绿梁山逆冲断裂的超微构造以亚颗粒的普遍发育为显著特征,表明应变环境已达恢复阶段;纳赤台逆冲断裂的超微构造较为复杂,位错线、位错壁和亚颗粒都有不同程度的发育,表明变形的复杂性。根据超微构造的特征,这对不同断裂的古构造应力和应变速率进行了计算。      

Microstructures of melt inclusions in anatectic metasedimentary rocks

The occurrence of crystallized and glassy melt inclusions (MI) in high‐grade, partially melted metapelites and metagraywackes has opened up new possibilities to investigate anatectic processes. The present study focuses on three case studies: khondalites from the Kerala Khondalite Belt (India), the Ronda migmatites (Spain), and the Barun Gneiss (Nepal Himalaya). The results of a detailed microstructural investigation are reported, along with some new microchemical data on the bulk composition of MI. These inclusions were trapped within peritectic garnet and ilmenite during crystal growth and are therefore primary inclusions. They are generally isometric and very small in size, mostly ≤15 μm, and only rarely reaching 30 μm; they occur in clusters. In most cases inclusions are crystallized (‘nanogranites’) and contain a granitic phase assemblage with quartz, feldspar and one or two mica depending on the particular case study, commonly with accessory phases (mainly zircon, apatite, rutile). In many cases the polycrystalline aggregates that make up the nanogranites show igneous microstructures, e.g. granophyric intergrowths, micrographic quartz in K‐feldspar and cuneiform rods of quartz in plagioclase. Further evidence for the former presence of melt within the investigated inclusions consists of melt pseudomorphs, similar to those recognized at larger scale in the host migmatites. Moreover, partially crystallized inclusions are locally abundant and together with very small (≤8 μm) glassy inclusions may occur in the same clusters. Both crystallized and partially crystallized inclusions often display a diffuse nanoporosity, which may contain fluids, depending on the case study. After entrapment, inclusions underwent limited microstructural modifications, such as shape maturation, local necking down processes, and decrepitation (mainly in the Barun Gneiss), which did not influence their bulk composition. Re‐homogenized nanogranites and glassy inclusions show a leucogranitic and peraluminous composition, consistent with the results of partial melting experiments on metapelites and metagraywackes. Anatectic MI should therefore be considered as a new and important opportunity to understand the partial melting processes.     

Metamorphic processes: a celebration of the career contribution of Ron Vernon

This Special Issue is in celebration of the career contribution of Ron Vernon. It arises from the ‘Ron Vernon Symposium’, which was held as part of the 15th Australian Geological Convention in Sydney in 2000. To date Ron has published more than one hundred scientific papers, several books and contributed widely to international conferences. He is the doyen in the multidisciplinary field of microstructures, which spans petrology and structural geology. However, Ron's range is phenomenal, and he has contributed to many aspects of metamorphism, magmatism and rock deformation. He has drawn on data from his work in these areas to contribute widely to understanding thermal regimes, crustal evolution and tectonics, as exemplified by his ideas about HTLP metamorphism and emplacement of granites. Ron has followed the scientific method in his work; it has led him to many innovative interpretations, some of which undermined established dogma. By example, Ron has been a positive role model for the younger generation. However, for the older generation, he has been something of a bête noire! The papers in this Special Issue cover the range from low‐ to high‐grade metamorphism, from metasomatism to melting, from microstructures to tectonics, and from fieldwork to experiments. It is our hope that in reading them you will take time to think about what has been achieved in the past 40 years, and use this as motivation for what remains to be done.     

微粒对多晶冰流变行为的影响(Ⅱ):显微组织演变

通过光学显微镜及单轴压缩的方法,研究了不同应力和温度下微粒对多品冰流变过程中显微组织演变的影响.研究表明:不论高温还是低温,或者高应力还是低应力,含微粒的多晶冰总是有较高的流变速率.在-10℃及1.45 MPa的应力下,两种冰在流变过程中的动态再结晶通过新生晶粒沿晶界的形核及长大完成.由于微粒在流变过程中通过阻碍晶界滑移而发展高的内应力,含微粒的多晶冰有较高的动态再结晶速率,其晶粒尺寸远小于不含微粒的多晶冰的晶粒尺寸.在-5℃、-10℃及0.4 MPa的应力下,由于微粒在流变过程中同样通过阻碍晶界滑移而发展较高的内应力,含微粒的多晶冰在流变过程中的动态再结晶仍然通过新生晶粒沿晶界的形核及长大完成.而对于不含微粒的多晶冰,由于流变应力较低,晶界应变能不足以诱发新生晶粒的形核,因此动态再结晶通过应变诱发的晶界迁移完成,其结果是晶粒的尺寸保持不变.