Holocene sedimentation in Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: implications of compositional and textural variations

Two seismic facies were recognized in the sedimentary sequence overlying acoustic basement in Lake Winnipeg. The upper facies, which overlies a regional unconformity, is termed the Lake Winnipeg Sequence. Based on the seismostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and radiocarbon dates of approximately 4000 and 7000 yr BP from material collected directly over the unconformity in the southern and northern parts of the lake, respectively, this facies has been interpreted as representing Holocene sedimentation. Results of compositional and textural analyses of the Holocene sediment (Winnipeg sediment) from thirteen long (>2 m) cores indicate a transgressional sequence throughout the basin. In the South Basin, the generally fining upward sequence is characterized at the base by silt-sized detrital carbonate minerals, quartz and feldspar which decrease in concentration upward. In this basin, the high carbonate content and V/Al and Zn/Al ratios are indicative of a Paleozoic and Cretaceous provenance for sediment derived from glacial deposits through shoreline erosion and fluvial transport, via the Red River. Sedimentation in the central part of the lake and the North Basin is attributed to shoreline erosion of sand and gravel beaches. Consequently, the texture of these sediments is generally coarser than in the South Basin, and the composition primarily reflects a Paleozoic and Precambrian provenance. The basin-wide decrease in Ca, total carbonate minerals, dolomite and calcite concentrations upward in the cores is reflected by a decrease in the detrital carbonate component in all but the most northern cores. Other basin-wide trends show an upward increase in organic content in all cores. An increase in grain size near the top of most cores suggests a major, basin-wide change in sedimentation within the last, approximately 900 years in the South Basin.     

山西大同钾镁煌斑岩地质地球化学特征

根据饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩的岩石学、岩石化学、矿物化学、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征,本文认为该岩体属钾镁煌斑岩,但在矿物成分及化学成分上与世界上典型的含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩相比,相对贫钛和钾,未出现含Ｋ,Ｂａ,Ｔｉ,Ｚｒ的副矿物。该岩体的成因可能为母岩部分熔融后又经分离结晶作用而形成的,岩浆起源于贫钛的金云母二辉橄榄岩,形成深度１００ｋｍ左右。     

云南腾冲硅灰石矿物学特征研究

本文对云南腾冲硅灰石的矿物学特征进行研究表明,硅灰石－１Ｔｒ呈针状、纤维状,化学成分接近理论值,有害成分含量低,且具有纯度、白度高,低吸油率、低吸水率、低膨胀系数等特点,具有广阔的应用前景。     

祁连山西段地下水天然资源

利用１９９４年度《甘青交界祁连山西段水文地质工作空白区１∶５０万区域水文地质调查》成果,结合空白区外以往资料,采用大气降水入渗法、地下水径流模数法和排泄量统计法等方法,对祁连山西段地下水天然资源进行了概算。结果是祁连山西段地下水天然资源总量为１６．９３亿ｍ３／ａ,其中山地１１．６８亿ｍ３／ａ,盆地５．２５亿ｍ３／ａ（已扣除重复量）。     

Estimating population parameters in an ‘open’ fish population

A model for an ‘open’ fish population is described. Basically an expansion of the classical catch equation, it includes a ‘population change’ coefficient to allow for changes in population size induced by causes other than fishing. The model relates this coefficient to catch, fishing effort, initial population size, and catchability coefficient. With observed catch and fishing effort data incorporated, the remaining parameters are estimated by minimising sums of squares. This estimation process is applied to data from both real and simulated fisheries, and is shown to be effective if the basic assumptions of the model are met. If this is not so considerable errors occur, and these are investigated with respect to the examples.     

河南窑场铁矿床成因矿物学研究及其地质意义

窑场铁矿床位于河南鲁山地区,大地构造位置属于华北陆块南缘,控矿地层为太华群铁山岭组,主要矿体共有两个,主要有辉石铁英岩和角闪石铁英岩组成,夹有少量的黑云角闪片岩、大理岩和花岗质混合岩,主要的矿石矿物为磁铁矿(30%～35%),少量赤铁矿(5%)和镜铁矿(3%)。脉石矿物有石英、角闪石、辉石、石榴子石等。围岩的组成包括黑云辉石岩、黑云角闪岩、黑云角闪片岩、黑云片岩、角闪黑云变粒岩、大理岩及少量的花岗质混合岩。矿石中的角闪石均属于镁角闪石,辉石有富铁透辉石、斜铁辉石,磁铁矿以纯磁铁矿为特征;围岩中的角闪石属于镁角闪石和纯镁闪石,辉石主要为透辉石,黑云母为镁质黑云母,伴有少量金云母,石榴子石以铁铝榴石为主,含有镁铝榴石、钙铝榴石分子。化学成分分析显示本区的变质相达角闪岩相,估算其变质的压力范围为0.36GPa～0.74GPa。与典型华北陆块前寒武纪铁矿床对比,窑场铁矿床的矿物组合、变质等级以及沉积相类型均与新太古代的条带状铁建造相似。磁铁矿高Ni、低Co的特点表明其成矿来源与深部物质有关。     

新疆罗布泊含钾地层矿物扫描电镜研究

运用扫描电子显微镜对采自ZK1200B钻孔1.12～53.00 m处岩芯的部分样品进行了分析研究。据此,较精确地划分出了4层含钾岩层,发现有钾石盐、光卤石、杂卤石、泻利盐、硫锶钾石、天青石等固体盐类矿物,其中的硫锶钾石和天青石矿物在新疆罗布泊地区属首次发现。钙芒硝岩层中含有硫锶钾石、天青石,推断其锶可能来源于深部地层水（或油田水）的补给,对罗布泊地区钾盐矿的成因研究具有重要意义。     

塔什库尔干地区赞坎铁矿矿物学特征与成因

赞坎铁矿石西昆仑成矿带近年来新发现的一处超大型铁矿床,矿区内广泛出露古元古代布伦阔勒变质岩层,矿体主要赋存于布伦阔勒岩群角闪斜长片岩和黑云石英片岩内部,部分产于霏细岩与黑云石英片岩接触带内。矿床由Ⅰ~Ⅶ号矿体组成,其中Ⅰ号和Ⅲ号矿体为主要矿体。根据矿石组构、矿物共生关系等特征,成矿过程可划分为早期沉积期、中期变质期及晚期岩浆热液期3个成矿期,其中,岩浆热液期可进一步划分为矽卡岩阶段、热液改造阶段和硫化物阶段。早期沉积期磁铁矿呈微细粒他形晶结构,被变质期石英颗粒包裹,以较低含量的TFeO、MgO、MnO和较高含量的TiO2、Al2O3为特征;中期变质期磁铁矿分布于条带状矿石内,他形晶粒状结构,与早期相比,TFeO、MgO、MnO等含量相对升高而TiO2、Al2O3等含量相对降低;晚期岩浆热液期矽卡岩阶段磁铁矿分布于块状矿石内,自形晶粒状结构,以相对富TFeO、MgO、MnO而贫TiO2、Al2O3为特征;晚期热液改造阶段磁铁矿分布于浸染状矿石中,半自形-自形粒状结构、交代残余结构为主,TFeO、Al2O3、TiO2、MnO等含量变化较大。认为赞坎铁矿是沉积变质型铁矿床,遭受后期岩浆热液作用交代改造。     

新疆西天山智博铁矿岩浆-热液成矿作用—来自安山岩矿物学的证据

本文以智博铁矿区内的安山岩为研究对象,通过详细的野外地质调查,并利用电子显微镜和电子探针,对安山岩中的主要矿物进行了系统的岩相学观察和矿物学研究。研究表明,智博安山岩中斜长石主要为Na-高钠长石,具低TiO2,高Na2O和Al2O3的特点;辉石主要为普通辉石,具高TiO2,高Al2O3的特点;角闪石主要为镁角闪石和阳起石,具低TiO2和Al2O3,高MgO的特点;副矿物磁铁矿具高TiO2,低MgO和Al2O3的特点。辉石、角闪石矿物化学特征表明,智博铁矿安山岩的母岩浆属于壳幔混源的玄武质岩浆,构造环境为火山岛弧环境。智博安山岩中单斜辉石结晶温度为1225℃左右,结晶压力约0.795GPa,结晶深度约26km。智博铁矿后期的热液作用也参与了磁铁矿成矿,对智博铁矿的成矿有一定的贡献。     

西天山铁木里克铁矿床矿物学及稳定同位素特征

铁木里克铁矿是西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带上一个高品位的磁铁矿矿床,赋存于石炭纪大哈拉军山组火山岩中。矿区围岩蚀变较弱,主要以低温热液阶段的绿泥石化和绿帘石化为主。根据野外矿石组构以及镜下观察,该矿床可以划分为四个成矿阶段。目前该矿床的研究程度较低,矿床成因存在较大争议。磁铁矿和赤铁矿的电子探针结果显示,该矿床的形成与岩浆-热液系统密切相关;辉石和角闪石的电子探针结果显示,辉石未发生蚀变,只有角闪石轻微地发生了阳起石化。矿石中的黄铁矿硫同位素(0.1‰~2.9‰)显示具有深源地幔特征,磁铁矿的氧同位素(-2.7‰~0.5‰)暗示岩浆热液对成矿具有重要作用,以及成矿晚期低温热液过程对早先形成的磁铁矿起到了改造作用。结合区域铁矿带的成矿地质特征,本文认为铁木里克铁矿的形成主要与岩浆-热液系统密切相关,在大量磁铁矿形成之后,有少量成矿流体与海水混合,对矿床和围岩进行了低温热液蚀变,形成了充填在磁铁矿矿石气孔中的赤铁矿和黄铁矿。