Assessment of acceleration modelling for fluid‐filled porous media subjected to dynamic loading

The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of different possible simplifying approximations when performing numerical simulations of fluid‐filled porous media subjected to dynamic loading. In particular, the relative importance of the various acceleration terms for both the solid and the fluid, especially the convective contribution, is assessed. The porous medium is modelled as a binary mixture of a solid phase, in the sense of a porous skeleton, and a fluid phase that represents both liquid and air in the pores. The solid particles are assumed to be intrinsically incompressible, whereas the fluid is assigned a finite intrinsic compressibility. Finite element (FE) simulations are carried out while assuming material properties and loading conditions representative for a road structure. The results show that, for the range of the material data used in the simulations, omitting the relative acceleration gives differences in the solution of the seepage velocity field, whereas omitting only the convective term does not lead to significant differences. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东海陆架盆地北部新构造运动特征

根据最新单道地震剖面及解释成果,分析了东海陆架盆地北部新构造运动特征。研究表明:研究区新构造期差异升降运动明显,从中新世到第四纪,沉降中心自西向东迁移;研究区活动断裂以NE—NNE和近EW向为主,新构造期的活动性自西向东逐渐变新;研究区新构造期岩浆活动频繁,多沿断裂分布,大致可划分为3期,平面上自西向东逐渐变新,且侵入活动逐渐减弱,喷发活动逐渐增强。     

Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier—preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies

The edifice of Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, has episodically collapsed leading to major debris flows. The largest debris flows are related to argillically altered rock which leave areas of the edifice prone to failure. The argillic alteration results from the neutralization of acidic magmatic gases that condense in a meteoric water hydrothermal system fed by the melting of a thick mantle of glacial ice. Two craters atop a 2000-year-old cone on the summit of the volcano contain the world's largest volcanic ice-cave system. In the spring of 1997 two active fumaroles (T=62°C) in the caves were sampled for stable isotopic, gas, and geochemical studies.Stable isotope data on fumarole condensates show significant excess deuterium with calculated δD and δ¹⁸O values (−234 and −33.2‰, respectively) for the vapor that are consistent with an origin as secondary steam from a shallow water table which has been heated by underlying magmatic–hydrothermal steam. Between 1982 and 1997, δD of the fumarole vapor may have decreased by 30‰.The compositions of fumarole gases vary in time and space but typically consist of air components slightly modified by their solubilities in water and additions of CO₂ and CH₄. The elevated CO₂ contents (δ¹³C_CO2=−11.8±0.7‰), with spikes of over 10,000 ppm, require the episodic addition of magmatic components into the underlying hydrothermal system. Although only traces of H₂S were detected in the fumaroles, most notably in a sample which had an air δ¹³C_CO2 signature (−8.8‰), incrustations around a dormant vent containing small amounts of acid sulfate minerals (natroalunite, minamiite, and woodhouseite) indicate higher H₂S (or possibly SO₂) concentrations in past fumarolic gases.Condensate samples from fumaroles are very dilute, slightly acidic, and enriched in elements observed in the much higher temperature fumaroles at Mount St. Helens (K and Na up to the ppm level; metals such as Al, Pb, Zn Fe and Mn up to the ppb level and volatiles such as Cl, S, and F up to the ppb level).The data indicate that the hydrothermal system in the edifice at Mount Rainier consists of meteoric water reservoirs, which receive gas and steam from an underlying magmatic system. At present the magmatic system is largely flooded by the meteoric water system. However, magmatic components have episodically vented at the surface as witnessed by the mineralogy of incrustations around inactive vents and gas compositions in the active fumaroles. The composition of fumarole gases during magmatic degassing is distinct and, if sustained, could be lethal. The extent to which hydrothermal alteration is currently occurring at depth, and its possible influence on future edifice collapse, may be determined with the aid of on site analyses of fumarole gases and seismic monitoring in the ice caves.     

Leakage of Active Crater lake brine through the north flank at Rincón de la Vieja volcano, northwest Costa Rica, and implications for crater collapse

The Active Crater at Rincón de la Vieja volcano, Costa Rica, reaches an elevation of 1750 m and contains a warm, hyper-acidic crater lake that probably formed soon after the eruption of the Rio Blanco tephra deposit approximately 3500 years before present. The Active Crater is buttressed by volcanic ridges and older craters on all sides except the north, which dips steeply toward the Caribbean coastal plains. Acidic, above-ambient-temperature streams are found along the Active Crater's north flank at elevations between 800 and 1000 m. A geochemical survey of thermal and non-thermal waters at Rincón de la Vieja was done in 1989 to determine whether hyper-acidic fluids are leaking from the Active Crater through the north flank, affecting the composition of north-flank streams.Results of the water-chemistry survey reveal that three distinct thermal waters are found on the flanks of Rincón de la Vieja volcano: acid chloride–sulfate (ACS), acid sulfate (AS), and neutral chloride (NC) waters. The most extreme ACS water was collected from the crater lake that fills the Active Crater. Chemical analyses of the lake water reveal a hyper-acidic (pH0) chloride–sulfate brine with elevated concentrations of calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, fluorine, and boron. The composition of the brine reflects the combined effects of magmatic degassing from a shallow magma body beneath the Active Crater, dissolution of andesitic volcanic rock, and evaporative concentration of dissolved constituents at above-ambient temperatures. Similar cation and anion enrichments are found in the above-ambient-temperature streams draining the north flank of the Active Crater. The pH of north-flank thermal waters range from 3.6 to 4.1 and chloride:sulfate ratios (1.2–1.4) that are a factor of two greater than that of the lake brine (0.60). The waters have an ACS composition that is quite different from the AS and NC thermal waters that occur along the southern flank of Rincón de la Vieja.The distribution of thermal water types at Rincón de la Vieja strongly indicates that formation of the north-flank ACS waters is not due to mixing of shallow, steam-heated AS water with deep-seated NC water. More likely, hyper-acidic brines formed in the Active Crater area are migrating through permeable zones in the volcanic strata that make up the Active Crater's north flank. Dissolution and shallow subsurface alteration of north-flank volcanoclastic material by interaction with acidic lake brine, particularly in the more permeable tephra units, could weaken the already oversteepened north flank of the Active Crater. Sector collapse of the Active Crater, with or without a volcanic eruption, represents a potential threat to human lives, property, and ecosystems at Rincón de la Vieja volcano.     

A Simple Shear Model for the Asymmetry in the Paleoproterozoic Fold Belt in Liaodong Peninsula

IntroductionThe Liaodong Paleoproterozioc fold belt is locat-ed at eastern China -- Korea craton, from Liaodongpeninsula through southern Jilin to north Kore$tothe east, to west Jiaodong peninsu1a to the west. Al-though many discussions, in the literature…     

华夏碰撞造山带

中国东南边缘大陆──华夏地体基底是双层结构，分别由早、中元古代（2．3～1．5Ga；1．4～1．0Ga）地层所组成，华夏地体乃是经历多阶段演化的复杂造山带。大量早元古花岗岩化的发生和侵出（2．2～1．5Ga）是古华夏造山带克拉通化的标志。古华夏地体在1．0Ga后再与扬子古地体斜接碰撞，遂发生大规模深层推覆析离及岩片堆叠，继后又演化为走向韧性剪切滑移。所得PTl轨迹显示造山作用的递进演变过程。华夏地体与中间（南华）地体自中元古代直至早中生代持续发生作用，形成了宏伟而复杂的华夏板缘岩浆带并表现为向板内迁移的规律。边缘岛弧带诸岛群基底岩石地层、年代学均有相似特点，在晚古生代毗连一体，均处于古亚洲大陆的东南边缘，应是华夏古陆的自然延伸。     

西秦岭糜署岭岩浆混合花岗岩地球化学特征及构造意义

西秦岭糜署岭岩体是壳幔岩浆混合的产物。从寄主岩石和基性端元暗色微细粒镁铁质包体的主要元素、稀土元素岩石地球化学研究入手，深入探讨了糜署岭岩体是壳源和幔源两类岩浆混合形成的混浆花岗岩，其岩石地球化学特征介于壳源和幔源两个端元之间并有显著的过渡特征，表明二者在岩浆侵位过程中发生过不同程度地物质成分交换。这对研究西秦岭中生代壳幔混合作用和地壳增生有重要意义。     

广西云开地区金银成矿条件分析

广西云开地区系指容县—博白一线以东广西境内地区,包括云开隆起西南部与博白拗陷两个构造单元,面积近11800km~2。它属我国粤西—桂东金银锡铌钽成矿带。区内有金银矿床(点)近70处,受博白—岑溪深断裂带控制,寒武—奥陶系是金银矿主要赋存层位,构造蚀变岩型金银矿床是主要矿床类型。本文在论述该区成矿地质背景基础上,详细地对析了物源、成矿热液、岩浆活动、构造活动与地球化学等成矿条件,认为:区内的寒武—奥陶系是金银的原始矿源岩,在局部地段经过长期地质作用的改造可形成金银再造矿源岩(构造蚀变岩),又是金银矿体定位有利地段;成矿热液是以地下水为主并渗入了大气降水与岩浆水的混合型热液;燕山晚期中酸性岩浆活动是成矿的重要条件:断裂构造交汇处是矿化集中区:指出区内金银矿化主要与寒武—奥陶系、动力变质带和燕山晚期中酸性岩存在时空和成因联系,揭示了成矿具多源、多期和多成因特点,并概括为原始矿源岩→再造矿源岩→矿体的步进递增成矿模式。文后对深化找矿提出三点建议。     

牟定安益地区超贫磁铁矿产出特征

牟定安益地区元古界龙川群变质岩地层及侵位于其中的基性超基性岩体出露较广, 近期工作发现了产于路古模组第三段绿片岩中的超贫磁铁矿及产于基性超基性岩体中的含铂钯超贫磁铁矿两种铁矿化类型, 该区具有找超贫磁铁矿的前景。     

雅满苏地区中酸性岩浆岩同位素年代学特征及意义

雅满苏地区跨越多个区域构造带,过往研究对于每个构造带的形成、相对构造运动形式、相对构造运动规模存在较大争议.通过采集不同构造带内中酸性岩体的岩石样品,对雅满苏地区3个构造带内的中酸性岩体开展岩石学、地球化学以及锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究.结果表明:除苦水混杂岩带花岗斑岩(TW-1)为过铝质钙碱性I型花岗岩,其他2个构...