基于K均值动态聚类分析的地球物理测井岩性分类方法

在地球物理测井数据处理与解释中,岩性识别是地层评价、油藏描述等方面的一项重要内容.利用计算机自动进行岩性识别已成为测井解释发展的重要方向、人们研究和关注的内容.聚类分析是数据挖掘中的一个重要研究领域,是一种数据划分或分组处理的重要手段和方法.K均值算法是聚类算法中主要算法之一,它是一种基于划分的聚类算法.依据不同岩性在常规测井资料中的不同响应,根据K均值动态聚类方法的原理,结合其它资料,对井中的岩性进行分类,从而达到了区分和识别钻孔不同岩性的目的.     

Three-Dimensional In Situ Stress-Field Simulations of Shale Gas Formations: A Case Study of the 5th Member of the Xujiahe Formation in the Xinchang Gas Field, West Sichuan Depression

This work established a geological model for the 5th member of the Xujiahe Formation (X5 member) in the Xinchang gas field of the West Sichuan Depression based on the lithological, structural and depositional properties, as well as logging and well completion data and drill-core observations. Rock mechanical parameters were calculated according to rock mechanic experiments and rock mechanic interpretations from logging data. We also calculated the magnitudes and orientations of the in situ stresses based on acoustic emission tests, differential strain tests, fracturing behaviour and logging interpretations as well as anisotropy logging tests, borehole-breakout measurements and well-log data. Additionally, the present stress field of the X5 member was simulated using finite element numerical (FEM) simulation methods. The numerical simulation results indicate that the distributions of lithology and fractures are key factors that influence the present stress field. The stress field in the study area is discontinuous as a result of fractures and faults in the central and eastern areas. Stress is concentrated at the end sections and bends of faults, but dissipates with distance away from both sides of the faults. A longitudinal profile clearly demonstrates the zonality and continuity of the stress field and an increase with depth. The differential stress distribution is relatively uniform; however, large deviations occur in fracture zones.     

城巴断块明月剖面陡山沱晚期沉积环境的地球化学特征

由于造山带地层系统混乱,部分地区甚至无法恢复、鉴别,给古环境、岩石成因及其成矿性研究带来了困难。以震旦系陡山沱组出露较完整的明月剖面为重点研究对象,通过野外观测和室内综合研究,尝试从稀土元素的配分模式、Eu/Eu*、Ce异常（Ce/Ce*和Ce/Ce**）、微量元素Sr/Ba、Sr-Mn等地球化学特征研究该地区沉积环境以及岩石成因,厘定明月剖面陡山沱晚期沉积环境为大陆边缘沉积环境,指出热水沉积作用对硅质岩成因及成矿性的影响,为下一步找矿提供思路。     

Lithological and fluvial controls on the geomorphology of tropical montane stream channels in Puerto Rico

An extensive survey and topographic analysis of five watersheds draining the Luquillo Mountains in north‐eastern Puerto Rico was conducted to decouple the relative influences of lithologic and hydraulic forces in shaping the morphology of tropical montane stream channels. The Luquillo Mountains are a steep landscape composed of volcaniclastic and igneous rocks that exert a localized lithologic influence on the stream channels. However, the stream channels also experience strong hydraulic forcing due to high unit discharge in the humid rainforest environment. GIS‐based topographic analysis was used to examine channel profiles, and survey data were used to analyze downstream changes in channel geometry, grain sizes, stream power, and shear stresses. Results indicate that the longitudinal profiles are generally well graded but have concavities that reflect the influence of multiple rock types and colluvial‐alluvial transitions. Non‐fluvial processes, such as landslides, deliver coarse boulder‐sized sediment to the channels and may locally determine channel gradient and geometry. Median grain size is strongly related to drainage area and slope, and coarsens in the headwaters before fining in the downstream reaches; a pattern associated with a mid‐basin transition between colluvial and fluvial processes. Downstream hydraulic geometry relationships between discharge, width and velocity (although not depth) are well developed for all watersheds. Stream power displays a mid‐basin maximum in all basins, although the ratio of stream power to coarse grain size (indicative of hydraulic forcing) increases downstream. Excess dimensionless shear stress at bankfull flow wavers around the threshold for sediment mobility of the median grain size, and does not vary systematically with bankfull discharge; a common characteristic in self‐forming ‘threshold’ alluvial channels. The results suggest that although there is apparent bedrock and lithologic control on local reach‐scale channel morphology, strong fluvial forces acting over time have been sufficient to override boundary resistance and give rise to systematic basin‐scale patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

首批煤炭国家规划矿区煤田地质特征综述

首批煤炭国家规划矿区位于华北赋煤区鄂尔多斯盆地内,主要可采煤层多达10层,分别位于太原组、山西组和延安组。煤质以焦煤和无烟煤为主,其中太原组、山西组煤层具有横向变化小、垂向呈周期性变化的规律;而延安组横向变化较大,聚煤中心具有明显的由南向北迁移现象。受左旋剪切挤压作用,形成了一系列大型北北东向复式褶皱与断层,根据构造复杂程度,确认9个石炭—二叠纪煤田矿区和5个侏罗纪煤田矿区属简单类型。分析首批煤炭国家规划矿区内的控煤构造、矿床水文地质类型、充水因素以及煤层顶底板岩性特征,认为绝大部分矿区煤层稳定、构造和开采技术条件简单。     

广西都安喀斯特石漠化的分布特征及其与岩性的空间相关性

在以广西都安瑶族自治县为研究对象 ,以RS与GIS一体化为分析手段 ,首先采用TM影像为背景资料 ,辅以地形图、土地利用图、土壤图、地质图以及GPS实测数据库等相关资料综合分析的基础上 ,建立石漠化分级的遥感影像解译指标体系 ,生成都安县石漠化分级分布图和数字化岩性图 ,然后从空间相关性的角度阐明了不同级别石漠化与碳酸盐岩岩性之间的内存联系     

基于SOA的蒸发岩盆地岩性判别系统

蒸发岩盆地岩性判别系统是用来对测井数据进行处理得出地下有利于成盐地层岩性的解释性系统,由于岩性判别使用的岩性数据库、测井数据库、专家知识库等分布在全国各地,数据结构和维护系统均不相同,难以实现实时的岩性判别.本文建立了蒸发岩盆地岩性判别模型,提出了基于面向服务体系结构的数据存储、数据处理、应用服务、业务流程、客户应用等五层岩性判别系统框架,通过地学Web服务组件将多种分布式的地学数据融合起来协同工作.以羊塔5井测井数据作为基础,验证系统实现了分布式岩性判别的任务,并给出了判别结果,为以后地学领域构建多源、异构的分布式地学数据集成和服务共享提供了一种新型的实现模式.     

Application of the geographical information systems approach to watershed mass balance studies

This study was undertaken to test the utility of a geographical information systems (GIS) approach to problems of watershed mass balance. This approach proved most useful in exploring the effects that watershed scale, lithology and land use have on chemical weathering rates, and in assessing whether mass balance calculations could be applied to large multilithological watersheds. Water quality data from 52 stations were retrieved from STORET and a complete GIS database consisting of the watershed divide, lithology and land use was compiled for each station. Water quality data were also obtained from 7 experimental watersheds to develop a methodology to estimate annual fluxes from incomplete data sets. The methodology consists of preparing a composite of daily flux data, calculating a best fit sinusoid and integrating the equation to obtain an annual flux. Comparison with annual fluxes calculated from high resolution data sets suggests that this method predicts fluxes within about 10% of the true annual flux. Annual magnesium fluxes (moles km⁻² yr⁻¹) were calculated for all stations and adjusted for fluxes from atmospheric deposition. Magnesium flux was found to be a strong function of the amount of carbonate in the watershed, and silica fluxes were found to increase with the fraction of sandstone present in the watershed. All fluxes were strongly influenced by mining practices, with magnesium fluxes from affected watersheds being 6–10 times higher than fluxes from comparable pristine watersheds. Mining practices enhance chemical weathering by increasing the surface area of unweathered rock to which water has access and by increasing acidity and rate of mineral weathering. Fluxes were also found to increase with watershed size. This scale dependence is most likely caused by the sensitivity of weathering fluxes to even minor quantities of carbonates, which are likely to be found in all lithologies at larger scales. Mass balances were carried out in watersheds where gauged sub-watersheds made up more than 95% of the area. The calculations show large magnesium flux and water balance discrepancies. These errors may be a result of significant groundwater inputs to streams between gauges. The results suggest that improvements in how we measure discharge and estimate fluxes may be required before we can apply mass balance techniques to larger scales. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

焦家金矿带3000m科研深钻地球物理测井及初步分析

焦家金矿带3 000 m勘查科研深钻使用多种测井方法,原位获取了钻孔岩石的各种物理化学参数,实现了设计预定的数据采集目标,取得了丰富的初步解译研究成果。通过交会图等技术分析了不同岩石的测井响应特征;通过常规识别法和主成分分析方法相结合,有效的识别了断裂带;通过阵列声波测井了解了岩石机械特性并估算了地应力参数;通过井温测量实现了井温梯度的计算。激电测井显示,低阻高极化为深部矿化体主要异常特征;依据极化率曲线整体幅值及形态分析认为2 485~3 122 m为矿化较为集中部位。     

Morphology and Dynamics of Alluvial Fan and Its Research Prospects

Alluvial fans can preserve historical records of sediment transport to middle and lower river systems or piedmont basins, which are considered to be sensitive recorders of climate change and tectonic activity. In this paper, the morphological characteristics, control factors and future development trend of alluvial fan are summarized and described. The main understanding is as follows: \mathrm{①} According to the gravity flow and traction flow process, fan can be divided into debris flow alluvial fan and fluvial fan. The former is formed under the action of debris gravity flow deposits, which is related to the occasional flood and burst flow in a short time. The latter is braided tributaries depositions which are gradually shallower and spread radially in the direction of fan toe under the traction water transport. \mathrm{②} The erodibility of underlying bedrock can affect the scale of downstream alluvial fan, which depends on the sediment production and store factors in the catchment. The easily eroded bedrock may produce more sediment, making the alluvial fan area larger. In the contrast, the erodibility of rocks in the source area can also affect the slope and hydrological characteristics of the valley so that more sediment is deposited in the upstream basin and the alluvial fan formed in the downstream is smaller. \mathrm{③} Tectonic activity is the pre-condition for the development of alluvial fans, which provides a space for alluvial fans depositions. Faulting in the piedmont can change the position and morphology of the ancient alluvial fan, and also cause deformation or distortion of the thick sedimentary sequence to record the regional tectonic activity. The quaternary alluvial fan sequence corresponds well to the climate change during the glacial-interglacial period. However, the influence of the flood events caused by extreme meteorological events on alluvial fan deposition should be focused on. \mathrm{④} The application of a series of new techniques and methods will help to carry out deep research on alluvial fan in the future, such as high-resolution observation technique, physical simulation experiment, and precise dating.