Characteristics and sedimentary processes of lamina-controlled sand-particle imbricate structure in deposits on Lingshan Island,Qingdao, China

Imbricate structure is a common sedimentary structure and is well developed in sandy sediments.Here,we report a laminacontrolled fine-sand-particle imbricate structure in a set of very fine grained sedimentary rocks(fine sandstone,siltstone,and mudstone)at the Dockyard and Qianceng Cliff areas of Lingshan Island,Qingdao,Shandong,China.Sets of up to 300 laminae are found in stratigraphic profiles in these areas.The laminae are generally less than 1 mm thick,with most being 0.3–0.4 mm thick and the thinnest being0.1 mm.The dip angle of the imbricate structure varies widely,between 0°and 90°,with an average dip angle of about 40°–50°,which is higher than that of imbricate riverbed gravels(about 34°).The dip angle is a function of the shape and sorting of the particles,as well as the hydrodynamic conditions under which these fine-grained sediments were deposited.Several profiles show well-developed multiscale,soft-sediment deformation structures.Flute casts,load casts,and groove casts are also common.Fragments of carbon remains occur widely and commonly constitute stringers several millimeters thick and up to 10 cm long,together with fine clasts.Vitrain lenticles are also common.Based on the imbricate structure of the Lingshan Island deposits,it is shown that in addition to paleocurrent analysis,the imbricate structure can be used to infer information about fluid properties,transport characteristics,and sedimentary processes of the depositional environment.A near-bottom underflow,either of authigenic origin or derived from cold river water in winter in a delta interdistributary bay or delta-front environment,is inferred to have provided the hydrodynamic setting in which this imbricate structure formed.The imbricate structure,together with other sedimentary structures and features,shows that the sedimentary rocks on Lingshan Island were deposited in an inland,shallow-water environment,such as a delta,and not in a deep-water or submarine continental-slope environment.     

北京石花洞石笋微层层面有机物质的形成时间及机理初探

通过对北京石花洞滴水水溶性有机碳(DOC)近一个水文年的观测,发现不同点滴水DOC浓度均表现出明显的季节性变化,7月中旬均有一个大的主峰出现。初步说明中国北方石笋微层的层面物质沉积于7月雨季,主要来源于大的雨量对土壤中有机质的淋溶;洞穴顶板较薄的滴水点在5月和8月有明显的DOC次峰,可能与石笋亚年层形成有关。     

湖相细粒岩二级指标划分法岩相分类及其应用实例

采用细粒沉积岩宏观观察刻画与显微刻画的方法,探索基于湖相细粒沉积纹层类型及其结构特征作为关键指标的细粒岩岩相成因.提出了湖相细粒岩岩相的划分指标和原则,即以细粒沉积纹层作为细粒岩岩相划分的重要指标.用两级核心指标作为划分湖相细粒岩岩相及亚类的依据,分为一级指标和二级指标.一级指标为岩石组成类型,分为泥质岩类、灰岩类以及...     

潮汐沉积韵律计算新方法及其应用 ——以四川江油地区中三叠统雷口坡组藻白云岩为例

提出一种新的高精确度的方法来计算沉积旋回韵律,即以样品断面光学灰度参数作为韵律沉积变化的替代指标,利用数字图像分析软件,通过最小二乘法、一阶差分法等数据处理后,定量计算沉积旋回韵律。对采自四川江油西南部中三叠统雷口坡组的纹层藻白云岩样品进行研究,观察样品抛光面和薄片,确定藻白云石具有明显的潮汐沉积韵律纹层。应用此方法计算得出研究区样品共有217个潮汐层偶对,层偶对最大厚度为4.2mm,通过人工计数对比证明了该方法的可行性。这种技术方法与传统方法相比更省时、更高效,可推广性高,同时也可应用于其它类型频段韵律旋回中。     

湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机显微组分分类及其岩石学特征——以酒西盆地为例

酒西盆地主力烃源岩为下白垩统下沟组和赤金堡组暗色半深湖相-深湖相的白云质泥岩和泥质白云岩,是典型的湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩。通过对酒西盆地下白垩统二百多块湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩详细的有机岩石学研究,解剖了湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩中有机质的赋存形式,揭示了藻纹层为有机质纹层的主要发育形式,其与富泥晶白云石纹层和富粘土纹层构成湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩特有的"三元式纹层"沉积结构,系统总结了各显微组分的光性、成因、生烃性及分布规律,提出了以全岩和干酪根为基础的湖相碳酸盐岩有机显微组分分类方案,首次鉴定出对酒西盆地油气有贡献的主要生烃组分为腐泥无定形体、腐殖无定形体以及浮游藻类体、孢粉体、壳屑体五种有机显微组分。     

山东山旺中新世硅藻土的纹层类型及成因

山东临朐山旺地区中新世山旺组硅藻土极为发育。通过对该地区硅藻土纹层的研究,确定其分类和成因,为进一步确立年纹层的存在、利用其进行高分辨率测年、探讨高频古气候旋回奠定基础。山旺组硅藻土的单层纹层厚度一般为100μm左右。依据纹层的物质成分,单层纹层可分为硅藻纹层、有机纹层和粘土纹层三种类型。各类单层纹层组合成为明暗相间的层偶,层偶厚度一般为100～400μm,常常表现为浅色的硅藻纹层逐渐向深色的粘土纹层或有机质纹层渐变过渡。纹层层偶可分为:薄层硅藻纹层-有机质层偶,厚层藻纹层-有机质层偶,薄层粘土纹层-有机质层偶,厚层粘土纹层-有机质层偶和硅藻纹层-粘土纹层层偶。山旺组硅藻土中不同类型的单层纹层以及层偶的形成主要受控于当时湖盆内粘土物质的沉积速率、硅藻的繁盛程度和有机物质的沉积和保存条件。     

Late Holocene annual growth in three Alpine stalagmites records the influence of solar activity and the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate

Annual growth rates and the ratio of dark to light-colored calcite within single annual laminae in three contemporaneously deposited Holocene speleothems from Grotta di Ernesto, an Alpine cave in northern Italy, respond to changes in surface temperature rather than precipitation. Based on monitoring of present-day calcite growth, and correlation with instrumental data for surface climatic conditions, we interpret a higher ratio of dark to light-colored calcite and the simultaneous thinning of annual laminae as indicative of colder-than-present winters. Such dark and thin laminae occur in those parts of the three stalagmites deposited from AD 1650 to 1713 and from AD 1798 to 1840, as reconstructed through lamina counting. These periods correspond to the well-known Maunder and Dalton Minima of solar activity. An 11-yr cyclicity in growth rate, coupled with reduced calcite deposition during the historic minima of solar activity, is indicative of a solar influence on lamina thickness. Spectral analysis of the lamina thickness data also suggests that the North Atlantic Oscillation variability influenced winter temperatures. Based on the present-day controls on cave calcite formation, we infer that high-frequency changes in solar activity modulated the seasonal duration of soil CO₂ production.     

洞穴石笋纹(壳)层层组类型研究

石笋是洞穴碳酸钙沉积的典型滴石类型,也是岩溶记录中最全面、最系统的古气候环境信息载体,随着高分辨率测年技术和测试方法的提高,它在重建古气候环境方面具有重要的意义.石笋沉积纹层的组合、厚度、粒度和层面构造等,是恢复成笋滴水动态及相关古水文条件的物质基础,其中不少古气候环境信息,具强烈直观感,聚集物证、形象地记录于石笋剖面中,易观测研究.通过大量石笋纵剖面观测和系统的同位素组成、微(痕)量元素、特征性纹层的分析研究,证实石笋沉积纹(壳)层具韵律性组合和沉积旋回性及其古气候环境显示.首次提出石笋具叠锥型、叠柱型、叠锥叠柱复(组)合型纹(壳)层组和连续性、旋回性、间断(歇)性叠复纹(壳)层层组类型的沉积构造,并阐述各自的特征、滴流水动态和气候环境演变特征。     

Characteristics and forming mechanism of laminae fine-grained sedimentary rock of the Paleogene Funing Formation in Gaoyou and Jinhu sags,Subei Basin

The deep-water fine-grained deposits can be not only the source rock,but also the reservoir of unconventional oil and gas. Combined with high-precision centimeter-scale core observation,thin section identification,X-ray diffraction whole rock analysis,trace element test and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis,the laminae characteristics and the genesis mechanism of semi-deep to deep lake fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the Member 2 of the Funing Formation are investigated in the Gaoyou and Jinhu sags of the Subei Basin. The results show that the semi-deep and deep lake fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Member 2 of the Funing Formation in the Gaoyou and Jinhu sags are complex in lithology,and the laminae with different colors are formed by the mixture and superposition of various material components. The horizontal bedding developed in the fine-grained sedimentary rocks can be further divided into thin-laminated and thick-laminated sedimentary structures,whose macroscopic,microscopic characteristics and the composition are different. The complex forming mechanism of laminae includes two aspects: Formation process and preservation process. The generation(or the input)and the precipitation of each component have seasonal significance during the formation of laminae,whereas the preservation of the laminae could be mainly related to the water depth in the study area.     

The formation of flocculated clay laminae in the sediments of a meromictic lake

Sediments of Lake Fidler, a meromictic lake in south-west Tasmania, contain distinctive laminae. In order to determine their composition and formation, these laminae were studied using a combination of X- ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectrometry. Results indicated that the laminae were composed of clay originating from the adjacent Gordon River estuary. The clay was also found as part of the general sediment matrix of the core. The evidence indicates that the laminae are formed during incursions of brackish water from the adjacent Gordon River estuary into Lake Fidler which cause the flocculation of clay minerals in the water column. These clay minerals then sink rapidly to the sediments to form laminae. Although the formation of these laminae pre-dates meromixis, their mode of formation corroborates the theory that meromixis is maintained ectogenically by periodic inflows of brackish water replenishing monimolimnetic salts.