广西隆安县地下水储水构造的地质-地球物理模型及其地球物理响应特征分析

通过物探勘查并结合水文地质资料分析,研究了广西隆安县岩溶石山区断裂带、溶洞、岩溶管道三种储水构造的地质-地球物理模型及其电性响应特征。受构造控制或侵蚀基准面变化的影响,广西隆安岩溶石山区形成多层溶洞及岩溶管道系统,地下水主要赋存于溶洞、管道和构造裂隙中。地球物理上,断裂带及多层洞道系统均表现为纵向低阻条带的电性特征,但储水构造充填物或是水或是泥,难以用电阻率参数加以区分。为提高解译精度,结合工作区的水文地质条件,对物探资料进行细致入微的分析,并在勘察工作中采用在高阻中找低阻、低阻中找高阻的找水定井方法,基本避开了泥质充填的难题,提高了成井率。      

柳州岩溶地下河水体有机氯农药分布特征

采用气相色谱(配ECD检测器)对柳州鸡喇和龙寨两条岩溶地下河不同位置水体中18种有机氯农药(OCPs)组分进行分析。结果表明,除异狄氏剂醛外,其余17种OCPs均有不同程度检出,OCPs浓度变化范围为107.68～1101.55ng/L,均值为532.515ng/L。OCPs主要组分为:α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p'-DDE、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDT、六氯苯、七氯、艾氏剂。其中DDTs和HCHs含量最高,二者之和占到总OCPs的75.8%～96%。对其污染源进行分析,发现地下河水体中DDTs主要源自土壤。HCHs来源相对复杂,可能源于工业品或者长距离大气运输,也可能是近期有林丹的输入使其浓度增高。与国内外各水体相比,本次研究的两条岩溶地下河有机氯农药含量相对较高。      

北京西山岩溶水应急水源地水文地质特征及开采潜力分析

应急水源地位于北京西山四季青地区,取水层位为奥陶系含水层,属覆盖型水源地。奥陶系岩溶地下水水量大、水质优良,是保障北京供水安全的后备水源。本文在综合分析奥陶系岩溶地下水水文地质特征基础上,以群孔抽水试验为基础,采用相关分析法预测水位,从岩溶地下水的富水性、地下水流场、地下水资源方面分析岩溶水的开采潜力,确保在出现水源危机时,岩溶地下水能够作为后备水源地为城市供水。结果表明,岩溶地下水应急水源地岩溶裂隙发育,补给条件好,地下水径流强度大,水质优良,具有6万m3/d的开采潜力,即当水源地增加每日6万m3应急开采时,水位埋深预测值为52.94m,能够满足现有取水设备条件,且不会影响其它水源井的运行。      

岩溶山区聚落格局演变等级效应及其与交通条件的关系——以贵州省后寨河、王家寨、茂兰地区为例

运用1963年、80年代2004年三期高分辩率影像数据源和GIS分析方法,以贵州省后寨河、王家寨、茂兰地区为例,按空间规模将聚落分为五级,并探讨其分布格局演变规律与交通条件的关系。结果表明:(1)1963年,高等级聚落个数较少,低等级聚落较多;高等级聚落多分布在水源条件好、耕地资源多而优的峰林-平原地带;(2)1963年到80年代期间,岩溶山区聚落发展主要集中于中等级聚落,高、低等级聚落变化不大;(3)到2004年,各等级聚落的数量和规模均得到了较大发展,但发展的强度主要出现在两极(1级、5级);(4)岩溶山区聚落等级变化受交通条件影响较大,同时也受制于区域经济发展水平、自然地理因素影响;(5)今后聚落优化建设、交通条件改善应以4级聚落作为重点对象,5级聚落的重构应重点考虑空间迁移,方向为公路两侧,以改善对外通达度。      

亚热带典型岩溶水系统的碳汇效应对比研究

选择中国南方亚热带地区具有不同地质背景和生态状况的广西柳州市官村地下河(灌木林生态环境、人类活动影响显著)、云南省广南县木美地下河(石漠化严重)和贵州茂兰板寨地下河(原始森林生态)3个岩溶水系统为例,对比研究岩溶水中溶解无机碳浓度和碳汇效应的差异。结果表现,(1)流域管道水的溶解无机碳平均浓度排列顺序为:官村>木美>板寨,表层岩溶带泉水的排列顺序为:木美>官村>板寨。(2)水的PCO2分压计算结果显示:3个流域岩溶水的方解石溶解度基本达到饱和,PCO2的大小顺序为:官村地下河>木美地下河>板寨地下河。(3)根据一个水文年的流量监测计算官村地下河流域的岩溶碳汇强度为12.34tC/(km2?a),板寨地下河流域的为11.8tC/(km2?a),木美地下河流域为34.11tC/(km2?a)。木美地下河流域的石漠化现状相当严重,石漠化面积高达90%,而板寨地下河为原始森林区,但木美地下河流域的岩溶碳汇强度却最大,这与其流域面积大、调蓄功能强,且有外源水补给有关。这也同时表明,单从生态环境的角度去研究岩溶作用碳汇潜力是不够的。      

喀斯特石漠化综合治理区表层土壤有机碳时空动态特征与趋势探讨

以中国南方喀斯特地区具有代表性的贵州为例,选取三个典型石漠化综合治理示范区,以2006年4月野外监测和2009年4月重复采样的数据为基础,分析喀斯特脆弱生态区实施石漠化综合治理工程的土壤有机碳时空动态特征和发展趋势。结果表明:经过3年的石漠化综合治理,不同等级石漠化样地表层土壤有机碳密度增幅不一,其中轻、中度石漠化样地提升幅度最大,无、潜在石漠化样地次之,强度石漠化样地最小;不同工程措施下表层土壤有机碳密度特征表现为:封山育林育草>退耕还林还草>坡改梯;增幅表现为:退耕还林还草>封山育林育草>坡改梯。石漠化治理过程中,随着轻度以上石漠化土地面积的减少,表土碳储量进一步增大,而且表层土壤有机碳多分布于潜在和无石漠化区。随着石漠化综合治理进程的推进,表土有机碳密度可能呈S型曲线增长,但由于潜在、无石漠化区多为基本农田,土壤有机碳密度将在较长时间内保持相对平稳的状态。而轻、中度石漠化样地在治理初期其表土有机碳密度增幅将最快。因此,采取有效的土地利用方式与加强可持续管理对提高表层土壤的固碳潜力具有非常重要的意义。      

岩溶作用时间尺度与碳汇稳定性

从碳酸盐溶蚀快速动力学过程、岩溶动力系统的开放性、环境敏感性和生物参与性等方面分析了岩溶作用过程的时间尺度及其碳汇稳定性,指出岩溶碳循环是一种兼具不同时间尺度的特殊地质作用过程,因水生植物和土地利用变化的影响,碳汇效应显著且相对稳定,仍对现今大气CO2减排有重要意义。为更好地估算岩溶碳汇潜力,在加强高精度自动化监测的同时,需要考虑外源水、水生植物及土地利用变化等因素。      

土地利用和覆被变化对岩溶区土壤CO2浓度的影响

通过选择3个具有不同地质背景、气候条件等环境特征的山西汾阳马跑-郭庄岩溶泉域、湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域、广西桂江流域,对流域内具有代表性的不同土地利用方式和覆被类型下垫面土壤20~50cm深处CO2浓度进行检测。结果显示,土地利用方式和覆被变化对3个流域岩溶土壤中20cm、30cm、40cm和50cm深处CO2浓度具有明显的影响作用:湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域多数样地土壤CO2表现为随土层的加深先增加后降低的双向梯度;山西马跑-郭庄泉域玉米地的土壤CO2浓度比种植马铃薯的高,且随着覆被条件由草地→灌丛→林地的改善,土壤的扰动性变小,CO2浓度差趋于减少,变幅趋于稳定。各个流域相同覆被类型,群落结构和优势种变化越小,土壤CO2浓度变幅越小。      

Sources and transport of nitrate constrained by the isotopic technique in a karst catchment: an example from Southwest China

The concentration and isotopic composition of nitrate were analyzed to improve an understanding of nitrate sources and transformation processes in a typical karstic agricultural field in the Houzhai catchment, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The results revealed that no distinct spatial pattern of content and isotopic composition of nitrate exists in this karst catchment. Nitrate in surface stream (SFS) had slightly lighter isotopic composition and lower concentration compared with nitrate in subterranean stream (STS) during the dry season. Concentrations of SFS nitrate increased to concentrations similar to those of STS during the wet season. The isotopic values indicated that nitrate were mainly impacted by manure sources during the dry season and influenced by a mix of chemical fertilizer and manure during the wet season. The denitrification rates were roughly estimated based on the isotopic compositions of nitrate after considering volatilization and ignoring assimilation. The calculated result showed that approximately one fifth of nitrate load was removed by denitrification in the catchment. Annual nitrate flux from the outlets accounted for 14.2% of applied total fertilizers used in the catchment, approximately 85% of total transported flux from the catchment in the wet season. Furthermore, chemical weathering processes were enhanced by using nitrogen fertilizer because liberated protons and enhanced HCO₃^? flux were produced through by nitrification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Carbon dioxide concentration in temperate climate caves and parent soils over an altitudinal gradient and its influence on speleothem growth and fabrics

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations in caves and parent soils in the Italian Alps have been studied along a 2100 m altitudinal range – corresponding to a mean annual temperature (MAT) range of 12°C – in order to investigate the relationship between MAT, soil pCO₂ and cave air pCO₂, and to test the influence of soil pCO₂ on speleothem growth and fabric to ultimately gain insight into their palaeoclimatic significance in temperate climate settings. Our findings indicate that soil CO₂ is linearly correlated to MAT and its mean annual concentration is described by the equation: soil CO₂ (ppmv) = 1112 + 460 MAT. Soil pCO₂ can also be exponentially correlated to actual evapotranspiration. The pCO₂ in the aquifer is linearly correlated to MAT at the infiltration site and is more influenced by summer soil pCO₂. Cave air CO₂ in the innermost part of the caves exhibits a similar seasonal pattern, and commonly reaches concentrations of about 15% to 35%, with respect to the corresponding soil values, and is exponentially correlated to the MAT at the infiltration site. The combination of these parameters (soil pCO₂, dripwater pCO₂ and cave air pCO₂) results in speleothem growth and controls their fabrics which are typical of four MAT/elevation belts broadly corresponding to the present‐day vegetation zones. In the lower montane zone [100–800 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] speleothems mostly consist of columnar fabric, in the upper montane zone (800–1600 m a.s.l.) both columnar and dendritic fabrics are common, the Subalpine zone (1600–2200 m a.s.l.) is characterized mostly by moonmilk deposits, whereas in the Alpine zone (above 2200 m a.s.l.) no speleothems are forming today. Therefore, fabric changes in fossil speleothem can potentially be used to reconstruct MAT changes in temperate climate karst areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.