Groundwater mixing between different aquifer types in a complex structural setting discerned by elemental and stable isotope geochemistry

Karst aquifers are well known for their intricate stratigraphy and geologic structures, which make groundwater characterization challenging because flowpaths and recharge sources are complex and difficult to evaluate. Geochemical data, collected from ten closely spaced production wells constructed in two karst aquifers (Bangor Limestone (Mb) and Tuscumbia Limestone/Fort Payne Chert (Mftp)) in Trussville, north‐central Alabama, illustrate two distinctive groundwater end‐members: (1) higher major ion, dissolved inorganic carbon, conductivity, alkalinity concentrations, heavier δ¹³C ratios (max: −10.2 ± 0.2‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB)) and lower residence times (mean: 19.5 ± 2 years, n = 2) of groundwater in the Mb aquifer and (2) lower constituent concentrations, lighter δ¹³C ratios (min: −13.4 ± 0.2‰ PDB) and longer residence times of groundwater (mean: 23.6 ± 2 years, n = 4) in the Mftp aquifer. Summer and fall data and the binary mixing model show aquifer inter‐flow mixing along solution fractures and confirms the distinctive groundwater geochemistry of the two aquifers. Lowering of static water levels over the summer (drawdown from 2 to 5.2 m) leads to more reducing groundwater conditions (lower Eh values) and slightly enriched δ¹⁸O and δD ratios during the fall [δ¹⁸O: −4.8 ± 0.1 to −5.4 ± 0.1‰ Vienna Standard Mean Oceanic Water (VSMOW), n = 9; δD: −25.4 ± 1 to −27.4 ± 1‰ VSMOW, n = 9] when compared with summer season samples (δ¹⁸O: −5.1 ± 0.1 to −5.7 ± 0.1‰ VSMOW, n = 11; δD: −25.0 ± 1 to −30.6 ± 1‰ VSMOW, n = 11). GIS analyses confirm the localized origin of recharge to the investigated aquifers. The combination of GIS, field parameters and geochemistry analyses can be successfully used to identify recharge sources, evaluate groundwater flow and transport pathways and to improve understanding of how groundwater withdrawals impact the sustainability and susceptibility to contamination of karst aquifers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulic modeling of flood pulses in the Middle Bussento Karst System (MBSKS), UNESCO Cilento Global Geopark,southern Italy

Karst systems provide water for domestic and industrial uses and for generating hydropower, but they can also create fluvial hazards, such as upstream back‐flooding and downstream karst flash‐flood events. However, these hazards are difficult to foresee due to the complex recharge‐discharge processes as well as the lack of information on the inside of the system, which has often not been completely surveyed by speleologists or explored by boreholes. To overcome these difficulties, hydro‐chemical data from the monitoring system in the Middle Bussento Karst System (MBSKS), one of the first Experimental Karst Systems in southern Italy, were recorded and previously discussed. Based on shared background in flood karst hydraulic modeling, this paper describes the conceptual premises and rationale of a general‐purpose hydraulic model that is suitable both for the MBSKS and for other Mediterranean, multi‐recharge, mature, conduit‐dominated karst systems. To test the reliability of the model, simulations of time–space behavior and response are performed using natural and artificial flood pulses “as tracers”, considering a “pulse” as a significant variation in water quantity and/or quality. The results of the model explain the interactions between allogenic, autogenic, and anthropogenic recharges from differentiated sources and phreatic conduit systems. These results also clarify the overall response of karst springs at typical time scales of flood pulses. Table acronym name     

新版建筑工程建筑面积计算规范应用探讨

GB/T 50353-2013建筑工程建筑面积计算规范于2014年7月1日开始实施,该规范是在总结原有规范基础上进行修订的,目前,新规范实施已经一年多了,依据新规范审批的建设工程陆续进入验收阶段,因此,在建筑面积测量中如何正确用好新规范显得尤为重要。本文就新规范的技术要点进行分析,以便于技术人员和管理人员正确使用新规范。     

桂林毛村不同植被类型土壤微生物数量与碳酸酐酶活性比较

以非岩溶区林地为对比,分析了桂林毛村岩溶区4种不同植被类型土壤微生物数量及碳酸酐酶(CA)活性的季度动态变化规律,发现以下主要结果:1随着植被的正向演替,岩溶区弃耕地、草地、灌丛及林地微生物数量及CA活性逐渐升高,微生物总数从64.07×10~4cfu/g上升到178.23×10~4cfu/g,CA活性从0.77 U/g上升到1.82 U/g,岩溶区林地大于非岩溶区林地。2在岩溶区不同植被类型,微生物组成均表现为细菌最多(平均值95.14%),放线菌次之(平均值2.79%),真菌数量最少(平均值1.75%)。而在非岩溶区表现为细菌最多(平均值90.95%),真菌次之(平均值5.32%),放线菌最少(平均值3.73%)。3微生物数量季节动态整体表现为春季至夏季逐渐上升,至秋季达到最高,冬季下降,微生物总数的增长依赖于细菌的倍数增长,真菌和放线菌影响较小。CA活性整体表现为夏季和冬季低于春季和秋季,秋季达到最大值。4 CA活性与细菌及微生物总数呈极显著的正相关,表明土壤CA主要来源于细菌的分泌。     

基于GRNN模型的岩溶地区城市水生态足迹分析与预测

为揭示岩溶地区城市生态足迹的驱动因子与机制,评估和预测水资源可持续利用程度,根据岩溶地区水文地质特征及其与水生态足迹的相关性,分析了贵阳市2002-2014年水生态足迹的变化特征,并利用GRNN模型对其进行了时间序列预测。结果表明,贵阳市水生态足迹由2002年的12.79万hm2上升至2014年的15.74万hm2,整体呈波动上升趋势,其中,水量生态足迹变化特征主要由工业用水量决定,水质生态足迹变化特征主要由氨氮排放量决定。水生态承载力波动变化明显,且小于水生态足迹需水量,导致水资源可持续利用系数介于0.31~0.63之间。对贵阳市2015-2019年水生态足迹进行GRNN预测,表明水生态足迹呈现先升后降得趋势,水生态承载力变幅在4.315~8.038万hm2之间,但水生态足迹与承载力的缺口大,水资源可持续利用系数偏低。因此,在水生态承载力有限的贵阳市,降低水生态足迹才是实现水资源可持续利用的关键。     

长兴岛碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水特征分析

长兴岛碳酸盐岩区占整个岛的44%,受降雨、岩性、构造等条件的影响,岩溶较发育,地下水资源较丰富,且水质较好,适宜作为饮用水水源。在收集大量基础地质资料,并结合现场调查、钻探、抽水试验成果,分析了从上至下5层岩溶带的发育特征、赋水性规律及补、径、排条件。同时考虑供水水文地质条件,进行了天然资源和开采资源概算,及成井条件、水质的分析评价。     

若尔盖铀矿田漏失层空心微珠泥浆试验研究

若尔盖铀矿是我国四大基本类型铀矿田之一,矿层为灰岩、硅灰岩,圈团状纵向裂隙发育,长孔段失返性全漏失,泥浆性能难以维护,孔壁失稳,堵漏花费大量的人力、物力。为提高钻进效率,针对地层漏失机理,通过降低漏失压力实现平衡钻进,分别开展了空气泡沫、微泡沫泥浆以及空心微珠等低密度泥浆体系的研究和试验。实践表明,空心微珠低密度泥浆体系是一种适合若尔盖铀矿田漏失层钻进的泥浆体系。     

贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物中粘土矿物特征及其古气候指示意义

利用X射线衍射等分析方法,对贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物中粘土矿物进行研究,获得了粘土矿物的组成、相对含量、结晶度指数、化学指数以及相对含量比值等方面的信息,探讨该盆地的沉积环境演化特征。研究表明,粘土矿物以伊/蒙混层矿物(30%~75%)和绿泥石(10%~45%)为主,高岭石(5%~20%)和伊利石(10%)次之,基本不含蒙脱石。伊/蒙混层矿物和绿泥石含量呈负相关性。高岭石含量在剖面底部较稳定,在484cm上部出现较大的波动。伊利石结晶度和化学指数与伊/蒙混层矿物含量具有较好的正相关性,且在第Ⅰ阶段相对于其它指标较敏感,出现波动。通过综合对比分析,将研究区剖面划分为4个阶段,其是3个冷暖干湿的大循环和若干个小循环气候环境的物质记录。     

重度石漠化区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分特征

本文以云南省蒙自市西北勒乡碧色寨村石漠化土地为研究对象,基于主成分分析法（PCA）研究岩溶石漠化区不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分特征。结果表明:（1）研究区土壤各养分指标变异系数介于0.14~1.76,不同土地利用方式下,土壤养分状况有较大差异;（2）研究区土壤12项养分指标可归结为3个主成分,所提供的信息占全部信息的90.69%,其中PC1主要包含了全磷、有效磷、速效钾和有效锰,PC2主要综合了有机碳、全氮、全钙和有效锌,有效铁对PC3具有较大的贡献。（3）对不同用地类型土壤养分的主成分得分进行排序,由大到小依次为火龙果地>林地>封育草地>玉米地,表明植树造林及火龙果种植等方式能有效改善石漠化区的土壤养分状况。建议对样区的石漠化治理应以封山育土为前提,以生态恢复为目的,通过种植火龙果与修复林地改善样区土壤状况,逐步形成生态环境与社会经济协调发展的石漠化综合治理体系。      

岩溶塌陷灾害的岩溶地下水气压力监测技术及应用

文章系统、全面地介绍了岩溶地下水气压力监测技术及其应用成果。该技术在监测成孔、孔口的密封及监测频率等方面创新性地提出了相关的工艺方法,能真实、及时且充分地反映出岩溶管道裂隙系统中的地下水气压力变化特点,可为岩溶塌陷的机理研究、监测和预警提供科学依据。岩溶地下水气压力监测技术工艺简单、操作方便、成本低廉,经过20多年的改进,已成功应用于全国11个典型岩溶塌陷区,服务于高铁、水源地、油气管线、市政建设等潜在岩溶塌陷风险性评价、安全降深、监测预警等方面,取得了很好的效果。