自然因素、抽水因素与岩溶塌陷的关系

文章从岩溶发育、土层存在和地下水活动 3个方面论述自然因素、抽水因素在岩溶塌陷的形成过程中所起的作用 ,认为自然因素是决定岩溶塌陷的因素 ,抽水因素是加速岩溶塌陷的因素     

The Role of Microphytobenthic Primary Production in a Mediterranean Mussel Culture Area

The production and biomass of microphytobenthos in a Mediterranean mussel farm was studied during 1991–92. Gross and net microphytobenthic production and respiration were calculated from oxygen fluxes in transparent and black bell jars at two stations; sediments under a mussel table and reference sediments, both located at 5 m depth. Net oxygen fluxes were mainly negative under the mussel tables (average −19·5 mg O₂ m⁻² h⁻¹, CV=132%), and microphytobenthos production could not meet the sediment oxygen demand; in the reference sediments, microphytobenthos production was responsible for net oxygen production (average +13·0 mg O₂ m⁻² h⁻¹, CV=118%). Benthic respiration rates were, on average, 47·3 mg O₂ m⁻² h⁻¹(CV=82%) under the tables and 27·7 mg O₂ m⁻² h⁻¹(CV=45%) in reference sediments. Aerobic respiration could remineralize less than 2% of the biodeposited carbon under the tables, implying that a large amount of organic material is accumulating under the tables, and that most of the degradation will be anaerobic. Gross microbenthic production showed sharp changes between 1991 and 1992 under the mussel tables and for reference sediments (averages 20·98 mg O₂ m⁻² h⁻¹, CV=135% and 33 mg O₂ m⁻² h⁻¹, CV=48%, respectively). Despite the negative oxygen balance in the sediments under the tables, microphytobenthos was more productive than phytoplankton in bottom waters. Per unit area, phytoplankton was more productive than microphytobenthos at both stations, especially in the area of the mussel tables, where phytoplanktonic production was enhanced by the excretion products of mussels. Microphytobenthos was composed mainly of diatoms in the sediments under the tables, while in reference sediments, the population was more diverse, with algae containing chlorophyllbalso present. Chlorophyllaconcentration in sediments under the tables was 207 mg m⁻²(CV=73%) and 95 mg m⁻²(CV=28%) in reference sediments; the stock of plant pigments was increased under the tables by biodeposition. Microphytobenthos constitutes a compartment with an important contribution in biomass, but also in oxygen production.     

预拌干料辅助灌浆法在抗浮锚杆施工中的应用

在泰汶地区多个岩溶发育地基高层建筑建设项目中,运用预拌干料法辅助锚杆注浆,成功解决了岩溶地基场地条件下抗浮锚杆注浆中的漏失问题,保证了锚杆注浆锚固体质量,提高了注浆效率,取得了很好的经济效益和社会效益。本文介绍了预拌干料（水泥、砂、外加剂混合物）施工法在岩溶发育漏失场地抗浮锚杆施工中的成功运用,具有较好的示范作用和参考价值。     

ESR chronology of the fluvial sequence of Cueva del Silo (Sierra de Atapuerca,Spain)

The Cueva del Silo is part of the lower karst level of the Cueva Mayor-Cueva del Silo karst system (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain), whose evolution has preserved an impressive archeo-paleoanthropological sequence since the Early Pleistocene. Cueva del Silo is remarkable for the presence of fluvial deposits that record the entry of the Arlanzón River water in the cave system, providing a key sequence to investigate the fluvio-karstic relationships that give rise to this endokarst system. In order to provide a chronological framework to these fluvial deposits, six sediment samples were dated by Electron Spin Resonance and 16 samples by paleomagnetism, collected from two outcrops: Galería de las Arenas and Sala del Caos. Our results provide maximum mean age of around 1600 ka and a minimum age of 916 ± 136 ka for the deposits in Sala del Caos. The younger date from Sala del Caos might represent the last fluvial input from Arlanzón River in the lower karst level. In contrast, ESR ages estimates of 1268 ± 133 ka and 1262 ± 108 ka were obtained for Galería de las Arenas sequence, which could indicate re-sedimentation processes from the intermediate karst level where similar ages were published. The annual dose might be wrongly assessed due to the re-sedimentation processes inside the karst, hence, ESR ages for these facies should be treated with extreme caution.     

Geothermal Power Generation Potential in the Eastern Linqing Depression

China has been the leading country worldwide in direct geothermal utilization for a rather long time, which has contributed significantly to reducing carbon emissions. But the installed capacity of geothermal power generation in China is very small, and there are only a few geothermal power plants in China, specifically in Tibet, including the well-known Yangbajing geothermal power plant. Therefore, it is anticipated that more high-temperature geothermal resources will be discovered in order to promote China’s power generation. There is potential for high-enthalpy geothermal in the Eastern Linqing Depression in Shandong Province, where geothermal energy is stored in Ordovician and Cambrian carbonate strata. Based on the geothermal gradient in Cenozoic strata and the depth of the target geothermal reservoir, the temperature distribution pattern of the reservoir was analyzed, and two “sweet points” were identified in the Yucheng geothermal field and the Guanxian geothermal field, where the reservoir temperature is predicted to be higher than 200°C at a depth of less than 8000 m. Due to the low karst fissure ratio and the insufficient geothermal fluid in the geothermal reservoir, it is recommended that an enhanced geothermal system be set up, to increase the permeability of the natural fracture system in the carbonate formations and provide sufficient fluid for power generation through reinjection of used geothermal fluid. The power generation capacity of the two geothermal fields was estimated using a volumetric method, revealing a power generation capacity of 1621.02 MWe for the Yucheng geothermal field, and 1287.19 MWe for the Guanxian geothermal field.     

山东省岩溶塌陷分布规律及成因机制

选取山东省岩溶塌陷作为中国北方岩溶塌陷的代表,在对其分布规律进行分析的基础上,总结岩溶塌陷成因机制。研究表明:山东省岩溶塌陷受岩溶发育程度、第四系覆盖层结构厚度、断裂构造及地表水系等多种自然因素制约,分布呈现出规律性;在人为因素方面,岩溶塌陷多发生在地下水位陡升陡降及在基岩顶板波动时期。从力学角度出发,岩溶塌陷成因机制以真空吸蚀作用及潜蚀作用为主,多种作用为辅;从影响因素角度出发,在具备岩溶塌陷基础地质背景的前提下,其成因机制主要包含大气降水诱发成因、过量开采诱发成因、灌溉回渗诱发成因及地表重大工程修建诱发成因四种。      

石漠化地区土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

以典型高原山地喀斯特石漠化6种土地利用方式土壤为研究对象,探讨不同生态恢复条件下,坡耕地转变为林地、草地及林草套种地后对表层土壤结构稳定性及其有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:在坡耕地实施石漠化治理措施,造林种草后,>0.25 mm团聚体含量显著增加,以人工林、次生林居多,坡耕地较少。在干湿筛处理下,采用平均质量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）、分形维数（D）、>0.25 mm团聚体含量等指标来表征的团聚体稳定性显示,人工林和次生林土壤团聚体稳定性较强,坡耕地和林草套种地土壤团聚体稳定性较弱。总体上不同土地利用方式均以小粒级团聚体有机碳含量最高,>5 mm和2~5 mm水稳性团聚体有机碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率最大（除农耕地）;土壤大团聚体对土壤有机碳的固定起主要作用。石漠化坡耕地退耕还林种草有利于促进土壤表层土壤结构的稳定及有机碳的积累。      

"喀斯特断陷盆地关键带与生态地质"专辑特邀主编寄语

自第三纪以来,康滇地块的地壳运动十分活跃,形成了喀斯特断陷盆地.由于该区"盆-山"地形变化剧烈,山地气候反差大;而西南季风的控制,使得该地区旱季是雨季的2倍,水资源的时空分配不均,土壤流/漏失严重,植被立地条件差,以至于石漠化问题缓解不明显.2016—2020年,在该区实施了国家重点研发计划典型脆弱生态修复与保护专项项目"喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化演变及综合治理技术与示范",为我们了解喀斯特断陷盆地关键带与生态地质特征、总结已实施石漠化综合治理工程成果提供了条件.在《地球学报》编辑部的大力支持下,从4个方面"水资源、水土流失、生态地质、生态服务",15篇文章构成"喀斯特断陷盆地关键带与生态地质"专辑,专辑并没有包括专项项目的全部内容,但对深入了解喀斯特断陷盆地的地质、气候、水文、生态和生态服务功能提供重要的参考价值.     

基于气候情景的岩溶断陷盆地2020—2050年植被动态变化模拟预测

岩溶断陷盆地作为我国西南部重要生态脆弱区和生态安全屏障区,生态价值不可估量.其独特的植被生态系统对气候变化十分敏感,探讨在未来全球变暖的必然趋势下断陷盆地植被变化趋势,能为进一步了解岩溶断陷盆地植被变化的气候驱动机制提供了重要依据.本研究基于2001—2016年间气象数据集和NDVI时间序列数据,利用TS非参数趋势分析法对未来2020—2050年两种RCPs(Representative Concen-tration Pathways)未来气候情景下的NDVI值进行预测,开展了不同气候变化背景下断陷盆地未来植被的可能演变趋势分析.结果表明:相对于基准期(2001—2016年),在不同典型浓度路径(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)情景下,断陷盆地气候整体呈持续增温增湿趋势,且植被NDVI也有一定的升高.综合分析两种情景下的NDVI变化共性趋势发现:青藏高原东南缘木里河谷地区温度和降水量升高缓慢,区域性干旱增强,植被出现退化,是未来断陷盆地植被修复的难点地区;而云贵两省边界地区温度和降水涨幅迅速,未来植被改善明显,是植被修复成果的重点保护区.     

云南石林喀斯特露石径流输出及其影响因素探究

喀斯特露石具有重要的生态功能,但关于露石承接降水后的石面径流及其影响因子研究仍然很少.本实验选择云南石林的石漠化、人工林、原生林生态系统,布设露石径流收集装置,收集并测量不同降雨事件后的露石石面径流,测定露石承接降水面积和粗糙度.结果表明:(1)在3.92 mm到72.31 mm的降雨范围内,露石承接降雨量与露石径流量间存在极显著的正相关关系.(2)降雨量,林冠覆盖,露石粗糙度均影响露石径流输出.降雨量与露石径流深成显著正相关关系;石漠化生态系统的露石承接降雨量和露石径流输出显著高于两类林地;露石径流输出随露石粗糙度的增加而减小,两者间存在显著的负相关关系.(3)石漠化生态系统的降雨-露石径流转换系数为0.483,显著高于人工林生态系统的0.434和原生林生态系统的0.413,但两类林地的差异性仅在降雨量为小雨时显著.多因素影响下的喀斯特露石径流具有高度异质性,其将对土壤水分、养分异质性与生物多样性的形成产生重要影响.