多宝山矿田铜山斑岩铜矿床地质特征与蚀变分带:对热液-矿化中心及深部勘查的启示

大兴安岭铜山斑岩铜矿床位于中亚成矿域东段多宝山矿集区的东南部。前人对其进行了一些研究工作,但是针对其作为斑岩铜矿类型本身最重要标志的斑岩并未报道,且缺乏对该矿床基础矿床地质特征的详细研究。笔者在详细的野外工作、岩相学和矿相学工作的基础上,首次发现了该矿床的矿化斑岩,并将矿区的蚀变、矿化、脉系,划分出热液期和表生期:热液期包括以磁铁矿-钾长石-黄铁矿(Ⅰ)-黄铜矿-绿帘石-绿泥石为特征的热液活动早阶段,以石英-辉钼矿-黄铜矿-黄铁矿(Ⅱ)-少量闪锌矿-方铅矿及痕量斑铜矿为特征的主成矿阶段,以石英-方解石-黄铁矿(Ⅲ)为特征的热液活动晚阶段以及孔雀石-蓝铜矿及少量蓝辉铜矿为特征的表生期。根据镜下156个薄片中的蚀变矿物鉴定及含量统计,划分出1064勘探线剖面的蚀变矿物组合及分带;根据铜山断层上、下盘蚀变带的类型、组合、强度对比分析,推测热液蚀变成矿中心与斑岩体顶部大致位于ZK1064-2钻孔正下方1400 m深处,这为下一步深部找矿勘探提供了指导方向。     

大别山地区矿化中酸性小岩体地球化学特征

自20世纪50年代河南滦川钼(钨)矿床的发现,经几十年勘查研究和对区域水沉积物测量的资料分析,各构造单元元素丰度、富集系数和富集分布特征表明,区内富集元素为Mo、W、Au、Ag、Pb、Cu、Bi,尤其是Mo、W是区内重要的成矿元素处于中朝板块南缘的东秦岭—大别山钼(钨)矿带,是我国重要的钼(钨)矿带之一。研究表明,主要钼矿床属斑岩型,其次为矽卡岩型、脉型。成因多与中生代花岗质斑岩有关。文章着重对大别地区矿化中酸性小岩体地球化学特征进行讨论,以期为在该区普查找矿起到借鉴作用。     

闽西晚中生代基性岩脉的地球化学研究

对闽西三个地区基性岩脉的地球化学研究发现,该区域的基性岩脉为亚碱性岩石系列,具有高 Al、低 Ti、Na2O > K2O的特征;相对富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高强场元素.半村辉绿岩脉和拔里角闪辉长岩脉以 Nb、Ta、Ti负异常为特征,林子坟辉长辉绿岩脉具有 Nb、Ta负异常和 Ti弱正异常.半村和拔里的岩脉稀土元素总量高,明显富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)N=6.8～8.4;林子坟的岩脉稀土元素总量相对较低,轻稀土元素弱富集,(La/Yb)N=2.0.结合基性岩脉的地球化学特征和区域构造演化分析,初步认为半村和拔里的基性岩脉来自与俯冲作用有关的富大离子亲石元素流体交代的富集地幔;林子坟基性岩脉是软流圈地幔部分熔融的产物,地壳混染作用是其相对富集大离子亲石元素的原因.结合玄武岩构造环境判别图解可知,半村和拔里岩脉具有的大陆边缘弧的特征并不指示基性岩脉形成的构造环境,而是说明其源区受到俯冲板片派生出来的流体交代作用.半村和拔里岩脉形成于大陆板内拉张带,林子坟岩脉形成于板内裂谷环境.与华南其他地区的基性岩脉对比表明,虽然晚中生代华南地区处于拉张的构造背景下,但是岩脉形成的构造环境与微量元素地球化学特征均有明显的差异,反映了各地区构造环境演变和地幔演化的复杂性.     

钠质与钾质中酸性岩浆的成因：玄武质岩的高压熔融实验研究

在温度８５０～１３００℃，压力１．５～３．５ＧＰａ和含约２％水的条件下进行了碱性玄武岩和拉斑玄武质岩的熔融实验，实验和研究结果表明：（１）含饱和水的拉斑玄武岩在低的部分熔融程度下可以熔出花岗岩，而含不饱和水时只能熔出英云闪长质岩；（２）含不饱和水的钾质和钠质碱性玄武岩在低的部分熔融程度下分别可以熔融出花岗岩和奥长花岗岩，因此，太古宙广泛发育的奥长花岗岩说明当时的玄武岩质地壳是贫钾的，太古宙地壳不存     

Hydraulic behavior of tsunami backflows: insights from their modern and ancient deposits

Tsunamis are unpredictable, catastrophic events, and so present enormous difficulties for direct studies in the field or laboratory. However, their sedimentary deposits yield evidence of a wide variety of hydrodynamic conditions caused by flow transformations on a spatial and temporal scale. Tsunami deposits ranging from the Miocene to modern times identified at different localities along the Chilean coast are described to provide a database of their characteristics. Among the typical features associated with tsunami deposits are well-rounded megaclasts eroded from coastal alluvial fans or beaches by very dense, competent flows. Sand injections from the base of these flows into the substrate indicate very high dynamic pressures, whereas basal shear carpets suggest hyperconcentrated, highly sheared flows. Turbulence develops in front of advancing debris flows, as indicated by megaflutes at the base of scoured channels.     

Progression of deformation and sedimentation in the southernmost Andes

The chronology of thrust motion in the Fuegian thin-skinned fold-thrust belt was established using data from the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego. A set of original structural–geological maps showing the distribution of structures, unconformities and synorogenic sequences in the last tip of the Andes reveals the cratonward propagation of thrusts and sedimentary depocenters. A succession of syntectonic angular and progressive unconformities occur in the studied zone: (1) an angular unconformity between Danian and Late Paleocene sequences, (2) a series of progressive and syntectonic angular unconformities developed from the Late Early Eocene to the Late Eocene, and (3) a Lower Miocene syntectonic unconformity. Additional evidence for the time–space location of the thrust-front is provided by the presence of seismically triggered sand intrusions in Late Cretaceous, Late Paleocene and Middle Miocene sequences.The integration of data shows that faulting occurred in three main episodes: San Vicente thrusting, ca. 61–55 Ma, Río Bueno thrusting, ca. 49–34, and Punta Gruesa strike-slip event, ca. 24–16 Ma. San Vicente thrusting represents the onset of thrust propagation onto the foreland craton. The thrust-front endured a major cratonward migration through the Río Bueno thrusting, and remained steady afterward. Punta Gruesa constitutes a strike-slip event, associated with the phase of wrench deformation that influences the southernmost Andes since the Oligocene. Although the overall pattern of faulting was progressively younger cratonward, several episodes of out-of-sequence thrusting and folding occurred.Other features in the southernmost Andes can be linked to these three deformation events to broadly characterize the behavior of the Fuegian orogenic wedge in terms of critical taper models. The Fuegian Andes underwent at least three cycles between subcritical, critical and supercritical stages of behavior in terms of deformation, erosion, and sedimentation.     

A preliminary geochemical study of zircons and monazites from Deccan felsic dikes,Rajula, Gujarat,India: Implications for crustal melting

Zircons of 10–100μm size and monazites of up to 10μm size are present in rhyolite and trachyte dikes associated with Deccan basalts around Rajula in the southern Saurashtra Peninsula of Gujarat. On the basis of structural conformity of the felsic and basaltic dikes, K-Ar ages and trace element considerations, a previous study concluded that the felsic rocks are coeval with the Deccan Volcanics and originated by crustal anatexis. The felsic rocks contain two populations of zircons and monazites, one that crystallized from the felsic melt and the other that contains inherited crustal material. Trace element variations in the rhyolites and trachytes indicate that zircons and monazites crystallized from the felsic melts, but compositional analysis of a zircon indicates the presence of a small core possibly inherited from the crust. Hf compositional zoning profile of this zircon indicates that it grew from the host rhyolitic melt while the melt differentiated, and Y and LREE contents suggest that this zircon crystallized from the host melt. Pb contents of some monazites also suggest the presence of inherited crustal cores. Hence, any age determination by the U-Th-Pb isotopic method should be interpreted with due consideration to crustal inheritance. Temperatures estimated from zircon and monazite saturation thermometry indicate that the crust around Rajula may have been heated to a maximum of approximately 900°C by the intruding Deccan magma. Crustal melting models of other workers indicate that a 1–2 million year emplacement time for the Deccan Traps may be appropriate for crustal melting characteristics observed in the Rajula area through the felsic dikes.     

On steady homogeneous sand–water flows in a vertical conduit

In this paper, an idealized model of the steady‐state phase of the flow in a vertical conduit leading to a sand volcano eruption is developed from first principles. The model assumes that a sand–water mixture flows upwards, driven by an overpressure at the base of a vertical cylindrical conduit (or a two‐dimensional fracture) and opposed by gravity, viscous resistance and turbulent drag. The conditions for flow are analysed in detail, and the mechanisms controlling the eruption rates are studied quantitatively. The flow predictions are in accordance with our observations of analogous vigorous sand eruptions at deepwater oil fields. For sufficiently high flow velocities (u > 10u_T) and small sand fractions (s < 0·2), the flow may be well mixed and homogeneous. If these conditions are not met, the flow may either become two phase or does not develop. Combining geological considerations with the steady homogeneous model, it is possible to predict the behaviour of the vigorous quasi‐steady stage of a sand volcano eruption. It is shown that, based on the average density of the overlying sediments, there are a range of overpressures for which sand volcanoes may develop.     

金厂沟梁金矿区暗色脉岩的成因和意义:主要和微量元素地球化学证据

金厂沟梁金矿区中与成矿伴生的暗色脉岩主要是细晶闪长岩-石英闪长岩、闪长玢岩-英安斑岩类.细晶闪长岩-石英闪长岩的ALK值为5.47%～5.88%,K2O/Na2O值为0.455～0.496,属钙碱性岩系,并具有Ⅱ型Adakite岩的性质;闪长玢岩-英安斑岩的ALK值为7.83%～8.28%,K2O/Na2O值为1.100～1.747,属粗安岩系.元素地球化学特征显示:细晶闪长岩-石英闪长岩的岩浆源于富集地幔或洋壳俯冲脱水交代的下地壳,地壳增厚过程产生并就位;闪长玢岩-英安斑岩类的岩浆就位相对晚,来源具有上地壳性质或被地壳物质强烈混染,地壳减薄过程形成;这种特征暗示金厂沟梁金矿形成的地球动力学背景是在地壳挤压增厚转化为伸展减薄过程.     

EFFECTS OF RIVER TRAINING STRUCTURES ON THE SEDIMENT BALANCE OF A SAND - BEARING RIVER

1. INTROOrCTIOXThe upper Tisza in Hungary is a sand bed alluvial river. presenting several river training problems. In order to solve these problems first the laws of free river--bed evolution must be clarified thenthe effects of existing river training s…