我国西北地区多年降水的氢氧同位素分布特征研究

降水是干旱区水文循环研究不可缺少的水文要素,为了揭示我国西北地区大气降水的氢氧同位素时空分布特征,合理开展不同尺度水文循环研究和建立对比标准,系统搜集分析了乌鲁木齐、银川、张掖、兰州、平凉、西安和拉萨七个地区多年大气降水的氢氧同位素数据资料。分析结果表明:乌鲁木齐、银川、张掖和兰州四个地区的δ18O值夏半年明显高于冬半年,从全年尺度上来看只是受到了温度效应的影响;而位于关中盆地的西安地区则由于复杂的水汽来源,冬半年表现出受温度效应的控制,夏半年转为雨量效应控制为主。平凉地区δ18O与其它海拔相近地区(如兰州)相比5~9月份均偏负,这与平凉地区较弱的城市热岛效应有关。西北地区大气降水δD和δ18O的变化范围均在全球大气降水的变化范围之内,除平凉和拉萨外,其它几个地区大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均小于全球大气降水线,说明这些地区的降水是在干旱环境下经历较强程度的蒸发条件下进行的,且在降水过程中还可能受到了局地二次蒸发凝结等水汽循环的影响。而该区域大气降水的氘盈余(d值)表现出冬半年高、夏半年低的特点,表明冬半年和夏半年水汽来源不同或者水源地的蒸发条件不同。     

北京地区地热水氘过量参数特征分析

文章通过80组不同地热田的样品,分析总结了北京地区地热水资源氘过量参数的特征:(1)地热水的平均δ值为5.4,常温地下水的平均d值为6.04,热水的d值与氚值都较低,水岩作用所导致的氧同位素交换比冷水更容易进行;(2)地下热水的氢和氧同位素组成具有明显的热交换趋势,d值随地下水年龄增大而递增,当地热水年龄为(12.76±0.13)ka时,d值为11.2,而当地热水年龄为(38.96±0.63)ka,d值为14.6;(3)在同一地区,d值随着地下水埋深加大而减小,埋深为125.13 m时d值为5.72,埋深为3221 m时,d值为3.03;(4)从补给源到排泄区,地下水的d值应逐渐降低,其中北部补给区平均d值为7.31,北京断陷盆地平均d值为5.68,南部凤河营地区仅为-9.20;补给源区与排泄区水的d的差值越大,地下水的运动速度越慢;(5)当Eh小于200 m V时,北京地区地下热水的d值随着Eh值的降低而减少,如在桐热-7中,氧化还原电位为-326 m V,d值为-9.20,而在TR-43中氧化还原电位为158 m V,d值为7.48;当Eh大于200 m V时,地下热水的d值随着Eh值的降低而增加,但增幅较小。     

水(冰):宇宙矿物

水(冰)是最简单的化合物,也是宇宙中丰度最大的矿物。通常认为,水无嗅、无味,无处不在。然而,液态水或固态水却是异乎寻常的物质。水具有某些其它物质没有的,特别是赋予生命所要求的特殊性质,如氢键、水簇和kosmotrope离子等。本文综述水(冰)的结构、化学性质、物理性质、分布以及与生命的关系。     

被动型氢钟波谱信号观测装置的设计

简单介绍了被动型氢钟的量子系统,阐述了波谱信号观测装置的设计。该装置采用标准10MHz晶振产生被动型氢钟的微波激射信号(1.420406GHz),然后将该信号输入氢钟的脉泽振荡器中。脉泽振荡器输出的信号经过低噪声放大、两次混频及滤波后所得的谱线包含了量子系统的信息,通过分析最终的谱线即可得知量子系统的优劣。该装置已用于对两台被动型氢钟的测试,并根据测试结果对量子系统进行了改进。     

Molecular Hydrogen in high redshift Damped Lyman-α systems

I describe briefly the status of an ongoing mini-survey for molecular hydrogen in high-redshift Damped Lyman-α systems using UVES at the VLT. H₂ is detected in about 30% of the cases. When H2 is not detected the molecular fraction f = 2N(H₂)/(2N(H₂)+N(HI) is smaller than 10^-5. Therefore, most of the DLA systems arise in warm (T > 3000 K) and diffuse neutral gas embedded in a strong UV flux. The very recent detection of HD molecules in a Damped Lyman-α system at z _abs = 2.337 demonstrates the possibility to discuss the high redshift chemistry. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Astrophysical Implications of the Recent Shocked Deuterium Experiments

In the last few years, deuterium has been the focus of a high level of laboratory activity that was sparked by a disagreement on the experimental value of the maximum compression along the Hugoniot. Astrophysically, the uncertainty in the EOS of hydrogen is most consequential in models of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn since a significant fraction of their mass falls in the region where the EOS uncertainty is largest. We present a study of the range of interior structures allowed by the shock-compression experiments on deuterium and constrained by astrophysical observations of the two planets. We find that the EOS uncertainty must be reduced to less than 3% along the planet’s isentrope to get good interior models of Jupiter. These models provide values for the mass of a core of heavy elements (other than H and He) and the total mass of heavy elements in these planets. The amount and distribution of heavy elements are quite sensitive to the EOS of hydrogen and constitute important clues to their formation process.     

Normalization and the detection of integrability: The generalized Van Der Waals potential

Deprit and Miller have conjectured that normalization of integrable Hamiltonians may produce normal forms exhibiting degenerate equilibria to very high order. Several examples in the class of coupled elliptic oscillators are known. In order to test the utility of normalization as a detector of integrability we normalize, to high order, a perturbed Keplerian system known to have several integrable limits; the generalized van der Waals Hamiltonian for a hydrogen atom. While the separable limits give rise to high order degeneracy we find a non-separable, integrable limit for which the normal form does not exhibit degeneracy. We conclude that normalization may, in certain cases, indicate integrability but is not guaranteed to uncover all integrable limits.     

Isotopic evidence of TSR origin for natural gas bearing high H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S contents within the Feixianguan Formation of the northeastern Sichuan Basin,southwestern China

The northeastern area of Sichuan Basin, southwestern China, is the area with the maximal reserve of natural gas containing higher hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) that has been found among the petroliferous basins of China, with the proven and controlled gas reserve of more than 200 billion cubic meters. These gas pools, with higher H₂S contents averaging 9%, some 17%, are mainly distributed on structural belts of Dukouhe, Tieshanpo, Luojiazhai, Puguang, etc., while the oolitic-shoal dolomite of the Triassic Feixianguan Fm. (T₁f) is the reservoir. Although many scholars regard the plentiful accumulation of H₂S within the deep carbonate reservoir as the result of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR), however, the process of TSR as well as its residual geological and geochemical evidence is still not quite clear. Based on the carbon isotopic analysis of carbonate strata and secondary calcite, etc., together with the analysis of sulfur isotopes within H₂S, sulphur, gypsum, iron pyrites, etc., as well as other aspects including the natural gas composition, carbon isotopes of hydrocarbons reservoir petrology, etc., it has been proved that the above natural gas is a product of TSR. The H₂S, sulphur and calcite result from the participation of TSR reactions by hydrocarbon gas. During the process for hydrocarbons being consumed due to TSR, the carbons within the hydrocarbon gas participate in the reactions and finally are transferred into the secondary calcite, and become the carbon source of secondary calcite, consequently causing the carbon isotopes of the secondary calcite to be lower (−18.2‰). As for both the intermediate product of TSR, i.e. sulfur, and its final products, i.e. H₂S and iron pyrites, their sulfur elements are all sourced from the sulfate within the Feixianguan Fm. During the fractional processes of sulfur isotopes, the bond energy leads to the ³²S being released firstly, and the earlier it is released, the lower δ ³⁴S values for the generated sulphide (H₂S) or sulfur will be. However, for the anhydrite that participates in reactions, the higher the reaction degree, the more ³²S is released, while the less ³²S remains and the more δ ³⁴S is increased. The testing results have proved the process of the dynamic fractionation of sulfur isotopes.     

海洋粘土沉积物的组成及其增白试验

为了海洋粘土的开发应用,利用FTIR和XRD衍射对其进行了矿物成分分析。结果表明,海洋粘土样品中粘土矿物含量较高,其主要矿物组成为伊/蒙混层和伊利石并含有少量其它矿物,同时证实样品中有磁铁矿和赤铁矿存在。粘土沉积物的化学成分分析显示,粘土中Fe2O3质量分数较高,约为7%。采用酸溶氢气还原法对东太平洋的粘土样品进行了化学增白试验,并探讨了酸种类及其浓度、药剂用量、反应时间、煅烧温度等因素对除铁增白效果的影响,优选出最佳除铁增白方案,使海洋粘土的白度由原来的23.8%提高到73.1%。另外,对增白前后样品的粒度、比表面积和分散性的测试表明,在增白的同时样品的活性也得到了提高。     

山东大张矽卡岩型铁矿床中铁的富集机制 ——来自流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素的证据

大张铁矿是鲁西地区近年来新发现的一个重要的矽卡岩型矿床.矿体主要赋存于石英二长闪长岩与奥陶系马家沟组灰岩接触带及其附近.根据脉体穿插关系和交代蚀变特征,将大张矽卡岩型铁矿床成矿过程划分为矽卡岩阶段、氧化物阶段、硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段.通过对透辉石、绿帘石、石英和方解石等透明矿物显微观察发现,大张铁矿中流体包裹体类型主要...