The Bolcana Cu–Au ore deposit (Metaliferi Mountains,Romania): first data on the alteration and related mineralisation

The Bolcana ore deposit (Metaliferi Mountains, western Romania) is a porphyry ore deposit with associated epithermal veins. On the basis of different parageneses, four alteration types were distinguished: potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic. The mineralogical and geochemical data and estimated crystallisation temperatures of alteration minerals indicate an evolution of the system from an early period of porphyry type mineralisation (Cu+Au) to a late period of low-sulphidation epithermal mineralisation (Au+base metal). To cite this article: V. Milu et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

北京城区地热田某地热井热水地球化学研究

地热的开采会引起热储压力的降低 ,从而引起热流场的改变。热储压力的降低可能导致温度较低的地下水的流入 ,也可能导致深部更高温度热流体的补充 ,从而引起地热流体化学特征的变化。地热流体中一些组分的浓度依赖于热流体温度的高低。不同温度的水发生混合会破坏地热系统的化学平衡 ,从而改变地热流体的化学成分。因此 ,地热流体的化学监测可以提供许多有关地热系统变化的宝贵信息。由于长期开采 ,北京城区地热田的压力明显下降 ,并引起了地热水化学成分的细微变化。根据 1984年以来一眼地热井的地热水化学监测资料 ,研究了地热水的化学成分、地球化学温标的变化规律以及地热活动的总体强度和水 /岩平衡矿物中的示温矿物的变化趋势 ,说明地热的开采既引起了地热田水补给的加强 ,又导致了地热田热补给的加强     

Compositional variations in mafic phyllosilicates from regional low-grade metabasites and application of the chlorite geothermometer

Abstract Mafic phyllosilicates in metabasites affected by low-grade regional metamorphism from Wales and eastern North Greenland show variations in their structure and chemistry. These variations are related to four mineral zones in these metabasites, which are recognized on the presence/absence of various key calc-silicate minerals and also actinolite. Zones 1 and 2 equate with the zeolite facies, zone 3 with the prehnite–pumpellyite facies (or prehnite–actinolite facies in rocks with appropriate bulk rock composition) and zone 4 with the greenschist facies. Whilst variations in Fe/(Fe + Mg) in chlorite correlate closely with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios in the whole-rock, other chemical variations are clearly unrelated to whole-rock compositions. Contents of Al^iv are seen to increase systematically in samples from zone 1 through to zone 4, which relate to an increase in temperature. Calibration of alteration temperatures, calculated using the chlorite geothermometer (based on Al^iv contents) developed for meta-andesites in the Los Azufres geothermal system (Mexico), against x values (an estimate of the proportion of chlorite to swelling component in the mafic phyllosilicates) shows a decrease in the swelling component in passing from zone 1 to zone 4, i.e. with an increase in temperature. Calculated temperatures compare favourably with published stability estimates for the various key calc-silicates and actinolite. These data indicate that the chlorite geothermometer, although developed for meta-andesites from a hydrothermal system, does show a correlation with temperatures estimated from calc-silicate assemblages in metabasites affected by low-grade metamorphism developed on a regional scale.     

激光喇曼光谱碳质地温计及其地质应用

用激光喇曼光谱显微探针研究了沉积变质岩中有机碳质物的热蚀变特征,通过解谱、多元回归数据分析及氧同位素温度数据的校正,建立了一种喇曼光谱碳质地温计。该温度计的适用条件为:温度范围为200-450℃之间,有机碳质物的反射率为2.0%至15.0%(R°),也就是说对于自浅变质岩相到角闪岩相的各种沉积变质岩中,该地温计均可获得满意的结果。在澳大利亚 South Marulan 热接触变质作用地区和维多利亚 Bendigo 金矿化地区的实测结果表明,应用新的地质温度计能有效地测试出这些地区的热变质作用特征和金矿化作用的古地温的异常变化。     

北京密云变质杂岩矿物学和结晶的P-T条件

密云变质杂岩分布于北京密云县半城子以南到沙厂一带,由上壳岩和侵入岩组成。对麻粒岩、透辉斜长角闪岩中的石榴子石、斜方辉石,单斜辉石、角闪石和斜长石进行了电子探针分析;研究了镁铁矿物中的Fe、Mg、Ca和Na的分配系数,认为达到了化学平衡。根据麻粒岩中变质基性岩脉片麻理方向与麻粒岩的不同,本区可区分出两次变质作用。 本文应用4种二辉石地质温度计和5种石榴子石-单斜辉石地质温度计公式以及一些可靠的地质压力计公式,计算了变质作用的P-T条件。第一次变质作用为760—870℃和1.1—1.3GPa;第二次为740—850℃和0.8—0.84GPa。     

地质温度计在郯庐断裂带南段低温糜棱岩中的尝试

在缺少糜棱岩形成温度资料的情况下,糜棱岩的形成深度、与所叠加岩石的关系、变质演化、抬升-剥露历史、矿物的变形机制、同位素年龄数据的解释等一系列问题就很难得到正确合理的解释.适用于低温条件下的白云母-绿泥石地质温度计、白云母-黑云母地质温度计和绿泥石成分温度计仅在区域变质岩中应用过,从未在糜棱岩中使用.本文利用郯庐断裂带南段（安徽段）韧性剪切带内糜棱岩中同构造新生的白云母、黑云母和绿泥石,首次尝试上述3种地质温度计在糜棱岩中的应用.糜棱岩中新生矿物组合及长石变形行为显示,糜棱岩的变形温度为350℃～450℃.利用白云母-黑云母地质温度计和绿泥石地质温度计获得的温度值分别为672℃～1116℃和470℃～520℃,高于糜棱岩的形成温度,指示这2个地质温度计不适用于计算低温糜棱岩的形成温度.而利用白云母-绿泥石地质温度计获得的温度值与糜棱岩的形成温度相吻合,这表明在上述3种低温地质温度计中,只有白云母-绿泥石地质温度计适用于低温糜棱岩的形成温度测定.     

碳酸盐岩层系热历史恢复的有机质自由基古温标研究

古温标是恢复沉积盆地热演化历史的重要指标之一。目前,有众多的古温标用于碳酸盐岩层系热历史的恢复,既有沥青反射率(Rb)、牙形石色变指数(CAI)、镜状体反射率、有机质自由基浓度(N)、激光拉曼光谱等有机质古温标,也有矿物的裂变径迹热定年、岩石声发射、伊利石结晶度等矿物古温标,但他们都有不同的适用范围。本文针对有机质自由基浓度作为古温标在碳酸盐岩层系热历史恢复中的应用进行了探索研究。根据不同受热时间和加热温度下的热模拟试验,分析了型和型有机质的自由基浓度的热演化特征,得到了自由基浓度与时间-温度(TTI)的定量关系;由此建立了自由基浓度(N)与时间-温度(TTI)的定量模型并将之应用于塔里木盆地TZ12井的热历史研究。依据自由基浓度古温标模拟得到的TZ12井区奥陶纪时期的古地温梯度为3℃/100m左右,该结果与前人对该地区热史研究的结论及本研究中依据磷灰石裂变径迹模拟的结果相一致。对于经历了多期构造运动的下古生界碳酸盐岩层系的热史恢复,最好是多种古温标并用,多种方法综合运用,才能精确地恢复有机质的热演化史。     

Towards a Higher Comparability of Geothermometric Data obtained by Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material. Part I: Evaluation of Biasing Factors

Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM) is frequently used to determine metamorphic peak temperatures from the structural order of carbonaceous material enclosed in metasediments. This method provides a quick, robust and relatively cheap geothermometer. However, the comparability of the RSCM parameter is low as there are at least three major sources of biasing factors. These sources are the spectral curve‐fitting procedure, the sample characteristics itself and the experimental design including the used Raman system. To assess the impacts of the biasing factors on RSCM, a series of experiments was performed. The experiments showed that curve‐fitting is strongly influenced by individual operator‐bias and the degrees of freedom in the model, implying the need for a standardised curve‐fitting procedure. Due to the diversity of components (optics, light detection device, gratings, etc.) and their combinations within the Raman systems, different Raman instruments generally give differing results. Consequently, to estimate comparable metamorphic temperatures from RSCM data, every Raman instrument needs its own calibration. This demands a reference material series that covers the entire temperature calibration range. Although sample heterogeneity will still induce some variation, a reference material series combined with standardised curve‐fitting procedures will significantly increase the overall comparability of RSCM data from different laboratories.