Coal combustion by-product quality at two stoker boilers: Coal source vs. fly ash collection system design

Fly ashes from two stoker boilers burning Pennsylvanian Eastern Kentucky high volatile A bituminous coal blends were examined for their petrology and chemistry. The source coals have similar trace element contents. One of the ash collection systems was retrofitted with a baghouse (fabric filter) system, collecting a finer fly ash at a cooler flue gas temperature than the plant that has not been reconfigured. The baghouse ash has a markedly higher trace element content than the coarser fly ash from the other plant. The enhanced trace element content is most notable in the As concentration, reaching nearly 9000 ppm (ash basis) for one of the collection units. Differences in the ash chemistry are not due to any substantial differences in the coal source, even though the coal sources were from different counties and from different coal beds, but rather to the improved pollution control system in the steam plant with the higher trace element contents.     

Progression in sulfur isotopic compositions from coal to fly ash: Examples from single-source combustion in Indiana

Sulfur occurs in multiple mineral forms in coals, and its fate in coal combustion is still not well understood. The sulfur isotopic composition of coal from two coal mines in Indiana and fly ash from two power plants that use these coals were studied using geological and geochemical methods. The two coal beds are Middle Pennsylvanian in age; one seam is the low-sulfur (< 1%) Danville Coal Member of the Dugger Formation and the other is the high-sulfur (> 5%) Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation. Both seams have ash contents of approximately 11%. Fly-ash samples were collected at various points in the ash-collection system in the two plants. The results show notable difference in δ³⁴S for sulfur species within and between the low-sulfur and high-sulfur coal. The δ³⁴S values for all sulfur species are exclusively positive in the low-sulfur Danville coal, whereas the δ³⁴S values for sulfate, pyritic, and organic sulfur are both positive and negative in the high-sulfur Springfield coal. Each coal exhibits a distinct pattern of stratigraphic variation in sulfur isotopic composition. Overall, the δ³⁴S for sulfur species values increase up the section in the low-sulfur Danville coal, whereas they show a decrease up the vertical section in the high-sulfur Springfield coal. Based on the evolution of δ³⁴S for sulfur species, it is suggested that there was influence of seawater on peat swamp, with two marine incursions occurring during peat accumulation of the high-sulfur Springfield coal. Therefore, bacterial sulfate reduction played a key role in converting sulfate into hydrogen sulfide, sulfide minerals, and elemental sulfur. The differences in δ³⁴S between sulfate sulfur and pyritic sulfur is very small between individual benches of both coals, implying that some oxidation occurred during deposition or postdeposition.The δ³⁴S values for fly ash from the high-sulfur Springfield coal (averaging 9.7‰) are greatly enriched in ³⁴S relative to those in the parent coal (averaging 2.2‰). This indicates a fractionation of sulfur isotopes during high-sulfur coal combustion. By contrast, the δ³⁴S values for fly-ash samples from the low-sulfur Danville coal average 10.2‰, only slightly enriched in ³⁴S relative to those from the parent coal (average 7.5‰). The δ³⁴S values for bulk S determined directly from the fly-ash samples show close correspondence with the δ³⁴S values for SO₄^− 2 leached from the fly ash in the low-sulfur coal, suggesting that the transition from pyrite to sulfate occurred via high-temperature oxidation during coal combustion.     

New species of Limoniidae (Diptera) from Myanmar amber,Upper Cretaceous

A new species of Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken, 1860, Dicranoptycha plicativa sp. nov., and a unassigned species are illustrated and described from Myanmar (Burmese) amber (lowermost Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous). A complete list of fossil species of the genus Dicranoptycha is summarized. In addition, an updated key to the known fossil species of the Dicranoptycha is provided.     

中国气象局S2S数据归档中心设计及关键技术

中国气象局S2S（Sub-seasonal to Seasonal）数据归档中心建设是中国气象局承担世界气象组织（WMO）的世界天气研究计划（WWRP）和世界气候研究计划（WCRP）任务,由国家气象信息中心负责设计和实现。该文介绍了S2S数据归档中心建设中涉及的数据交换、数据检查及处理、数据归档存储及数据服务门户全流程系统设计和实现。针对各业务中心生产的S2S数据配置差异较大造成数据交换、同步较难这一问题,采用基于FTP（file transfer protocol）的数据推送和基于ECMWF（European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts）WebAPI主动数据下载相结合的方式,说明数据交换、同步方法和策略。由于S2S数据量巨大难以高效管理服务,已设计统一的数据组织形式和存储规则,实现根据数据检索条件解析获取数据存储位置,提供便捷的数据检索下载服务。自2015年11月15日中国气象局S2S数据门户系统对外开放,目前数据门户系统已有超过18个国家的300个用户注册并下载数据。     

改进的果蝇优化与Tikhonov正则化相结合的病态问题稳健解法

在对基本果蝇优化算法的优化流程进行深入分析的基础上,通过改变其随机搜索方向与增加搜索半径调整系数,给出了一种改进的果蝇优化算法(IFOA)。并在IFOA算法的目标函数中引入正则化项,提出了将IFOA算法与Tikhonov正则化方法进行结合以进行病态问题解算的方法。通过实例分析表明:该方法的解算精度要优于遗传算法和单一的Tikhonov正则化方法;在观测值含有粗差时,使用最小二乘法进行求解,其结果与真值的偏差会迅速增大,而此时本文方法的解算结果具有一定的稳健性。与以遗传算法为代表的智能搜索方法相比,本文方法具有参数设置少、计算速度快、寻优过程简单等特点,在病态问题解算中更具有实用性。     

海水环境粉煤灰混凝土结构耐久性现场检测与评估分析

对服役12年的华南某跨海大桥典型构件开展碳化性能、氯离子扩散性能等指标的耐久性检测,评估了海水环境下掺粉煤灰的高性能混凝土长期耐久性。研究表明:随高程的增加混凝土碳化深度逐渐增大,其中大气区浪溅区水位变动区,碳化作用对粉煤灰混凝土结构耐久性的影响较小;粉煤灰可显著提升实体结构混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀性能,粉煤灰高性能混凝土的氯离子扩散系数不大于0.40×10-12m2/s,比普通混凝土氯离子扩散系数降低了约6倍;利用规范计算了引桥承台混凝土中氯离子含量计算值,其计算值与实测值吻合较好,可用于实体工程混凝土结构的耐久性评估,评估结果显示采用粉煤灰高性能的桥梁典型构件满足100年设计使用寿命的要求。     

稻壳灰作为海水硅酸盐肥料的肥效和安全性研究

增加硅酸盐供给可缓解海域硅酸盐相对缺乏现象,稻壳灰中含有大量无定形态SiO2,是一种理想的海水硅酸盐肥料。为验证稻壳灰的硅酸盐释放性能以及在环境中应用时的安全性,我们在实验室内将稻壳灰添加到海水中测定了Si、P、N营养盐的释放能力及释放周期,并将稻壳灰放于自然海域浸泡一段时间后测定其4种重金属及Mg元素含量的变化。实验结果表明,稻壳灰在海水中可持续缓慢地释放硅酸盐,释放周期可达3个月以上,同时释放少量磷酸盐,不会增加水体中无机氮营养盐含量;稻壳灰向海水中释放极少量的Cd,但不易造成重金属污染,而对海水中的Cu、Pb、Hg有一定地吸附效果,吸附量远小于Mg离子。     

基于相空间重构的FOA-GLSSVM深基坑变形预测模型研究

针对LSSVM模型参数选择的随机性与单一变量序列高维度重构参数选择的困难性，将相空间重构理论、果蝇优化算法引入LSSVM模型中，建立基于相空间重构的FOA-GLSSVM变形预测模型。为了验证提出模型的有效性与可靠性，结合具体工程实例与GLSSVM、支持向量机模型及最小二乘支持向量机模型进行对比研究。结果表明，提出的模型精度更好、稳定性更强。     

闽南近海中国团扇鳐和林氏团扇鳐肌肉中水分含量、灰分含量及能值的分析

测定了中国团扇鳐和林氏团扇鳐肌肉中的水分含量、灰分含量及能值．中国团扇鳐肌肉水分含量为75．86％，灰分含量为5．15％，能值为21．49MJ/kg；林氏团扇鳐肌肉水分含量为76．66％，灰分含量为5．04％，能值为21．29MJ／kg．中国团扇鳐、林氏团扇鳐的体重与体长有显著的正相关关系；中国团扇鳐、林氏团扇鳐的水分含量随体重的增加而减小，能值随体重的增加而升高；中国团扇鳐肌肉的能值与水分含量之间具有一定的相关递减的趋势，林氏团扇鳐水分含量与灰分含量之间具有一定的相关递增的趋势．此外，中国团扇鳐、林氏团扇水分含量、灰分含量及能值随季节的变化而变化．这与鱼体自身的生物学特性有关。也受到环境因子变化的影响．