Gold Grade and Tonnage Models of the Gold Deposits, China

Abstract: The gold grade and tonnage modelling is applied to some types of the gold deposits in China, including placer, Archaean lode, slate belt, Carlin, volcanogenic, skarn and Shandong Peninsula, among others. The Shandong Peninsula type denotes the gold deposit, which was formed in an intensely reshaped Archaean greenstone belt. The modelling results show: (1) the Archaean lode gold deposits of China are similar to the Homestake type in gold grades. (2) The Chinese slate belt type gold deposits are marked by moderately lower gold grades but considerably larger ore volumes than the similar type elsewhere. (3) The Carlin style gold deposits of China are identified by higher Au grades but evidently smaller sizes in comparison with their counterparts in western North America. (4) The volcanogenic (continental) style is similar to Sado epithermal veins in gold grade‐tonnage models and general characteristics while volcanogenic gold deposits of the oceanic subgroup contrast with Kuroko‐type deposits in the gold grade model. But the Chinese volcanogenic (oceanic) subtype (Palaeozoic age) shows similar higher gold grades to those of the Palaeozoic Kuroko‐type deposits elsewhere. (5) Porphyry and skarn gold deposits tend to have a large size but low grade. (6) Less than half of the Shandong Peninsula gold deposits are of ore volumes exceeding the 50th intercept of the relevant gold tonnage model, implying possible undiscovered gold deposits with a larger size in the peninsula. (7) In general, Chinese gold deposits of larger sizes tend to have lower gold grades in relation to gold grade models. (8) Gold grade‐tonnage models can be effectively influenced by how to include or exclude non‐economic gold resources in the modelling. Ore volumes of gold deposits actually to some extent depend on gold grades. Consequently, the way of including or excluding low‐grade values may effect a gold grade‐tonnage model and cause different interpretation of the modelling results. This is particularly true to the gold deposits, which generally show an inverse correlation between gold grade and tonnage.     

西天山吐拉苏-也里莫墩金成矿带简述

吐拉苏一也里莫墩矿带是西天山地区重要金矿成矿区.矿带内金矿赋存于晚古生代中期拉张(裂谷)环境下形成的早石炭世火山岩带内,金矿围岩为下石炭统大哈拉军山组陆相火山岩,成矿时代为早石炭世杜内-韦宪早期.矿带内金矿化可分为浅成低温热液系统(冰长石-绢云母型、硅化岩型)、斑岩型和沉积砾岩型.矿带内东、西两段控矿构造有差异:西部吐拉苏地区的阿希、京希开布拉克、伊尔曼得等金矿产于京希一阿希近南北向火山构造拗陷带内的火山机构构造系统(冰长石-绢云母型)和层间裂隙带(硅化岩型)中;东部也里莫墩地区的加特曼、铁列克特、小于赞等金矿床(点)产于吾拉斯台-郎布拉近东西向火山构造隆起带内的次火山穹丘构造系统中.     

安徽姚家岭锌金多金属矿床地质特征与浅部矿化流体包裹体研究

姚家岭锌金多金属矿床是铜陵矿集区近年来新发现的一处大型矿床.该矿床可分为2个成矿期,早期为铜(金、锌)矿化,晚期为锌(金银)多金属矿化,以后者为主.多金属硫化物期以大量发育多种不规则脉状和角砾状矿石为特征,发育硅化、绿泥石化和高岭土化,矿化受张性构造控制,矿物组合为富铁闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、石英(包括玉髓和蛋...     

Geology of Gold Ore Deposits in Western Linyi of Shandong Province,China

Western Linyi of Shandong Province is one of the most important gold ore mineralization concentration areas. Mesozoic gold ore deposits in this area can be subdivided into two types: magmatic hydrothermal and epithermal gold deposits. The occurrences of gold ore bodies are controlled by structures. Related subvolcanic rocks can be subdivided into high potassium calc-alkali series and alkaline series. These two types of subvolcanic rocks are of different geochemical features and different sources. The high potassium calc-alkali rocks are derived from enriched mantle and contribute to the formation of magmatic hydrothermal gold ore deposits including skarn gold-copper ore deposit and porphyry gold ore deposit. Alkaline rocks are derived from lower crust and they host epithermal gold deposits. Comprehensive studies show that there is no evolutionary or transitional relationship temporally and genetically between the epithermal gold deposit and the high temperature magma hydrothermal gold deposit in the western Linyi.     

云南勐海勐满金矿含金黄铁矿地球化学特征和矿床成因意义

黄铁矿是金矿重要的载金矿物之一,对其地球化学特征研究可以约束金矿成矿类型和成矿物质来源。本文对云南勐满金矿含金黄铁矿的化学成分及其S、Pb同位素特征进行了研究,结果显示:勐满金矿黄铁矿化学成分中的N(S)/N(Fe)值、δFe—δS及w(As)—w(Co)—w(Ni)图解等特征表明其原生矿床属于浅成低温热液型矿床。黄铁矿硫同位素为-4×10~(-3)~-2×10~(-3),数值集中;铅同位素组成~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值,分别介于39.016~40.010、15.669~15.826和18.694~19.289。测试结果显示勐满金矿属于低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿,成矿物质主要来源于围岩地层。热液成矿阶段金主要赋存在黄铁矿中,在次生氧化阶段,金从黄铁矿中出溶并进一步富集,次生氧化阶段是形成富矿的重要阶段。     

新疆东准噶尔绿源金矿床成因研究：流体包裹体及氢、氧同位素制约

东准噶尔绿源金矿是近年来新发现的矿床,位于野马泉-琼河坝古生代岛弧带东段的琼河坝矿集区。矿体主要产于上石炭统巴塔玛依内山组中酸性火山岩中,呈似层状、条带状、透镜状,多受断裂构造控制。流体成矿作用可分为4个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英(玉髓)-金-黄铁矿阶段、石英-金-多金属硫化物阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中阶段2和阶段3为金主要成矿阶段。金属硫化物组合主要为黄铁矿-毒砂-闪锌矿-黄铜矿±银金矿组合。文章从流体包裹体和H、O同位素研究入手,对该矿床成矿流体和矿床成因进行探讨。流体包裹体岩相学特征显示,本矿床热液矿物中流体包裹体存在3种类型:富液相气液两相水溶液包裹体(V+L型)、富气相气液两相水溶液包裹体(V型)和纯液相水溶液包裹体(L型)。其中,V+L型包裹体数量最多,各阶段热液矿物中均有发育;V型包裹体数量最少;L型包裹体数量较少。显微测温结果显示:绿源金矿床石英中流体包裹体均一温度介于115~349℃之间,盐度集中于0.7%~8.8%NaCl eqv.之间,密度介于0.66~0.98g/cm~3之间;从阶段2至阶段4,流体均一温度从268~322℃,经181~300℃,降为115~176℃。这些都表明绿源金矿床成矿流体具有低温、低盐度、低密度的特征,与典型浅成低温热液型金矿成矿流体特征相似。对成矿压力和深度的估算表明,其成矿压力为(73~335)×10~5Pa(均值203×10~5Pa),成矿深度为0.24~1.12km(均值0.68km),显示出浅成热液矿床的特征。流体包裹体激光拉曼探针分析显示,各阶段包裹体成分类似,气相成分和液相成分主要为H_2O。成矿流体氢、氧同位素组成分别为δD_(H_2O)=-108.8‰~-129.0‰、δ~(18) O_(H_2O)=-7.2‰~4.6‰,表明成矿流体具有多来源,以大气降水为主的特征。综合矿床地质特征和成矿流体研究,认为流体不混溶作用可能是绿源金矿床的重要成矿机制,该矿床应属浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

西藏铁格隆南超大型铜(金、银)矿床地质、蚀变与矿化

铁格隆南是班公湖-怒江成矿带西段重要的斑岩-浅成低温热液铜(金、银)矿床,也是西藏地区首个铜资源量超过1000万吨的超大型铜(金、银)矿床,其蚀变与矿化结构的精细解剖,对完善区域成矿理论和指导找矿实践有重要的指导意义。文章基于详细的野外地质调查、钻孔编录和镜下鉴定,识别出铁格隆南矿床具有斑岩和浅成低温热液叠加成矿作用特征。其中,斑岩成矿作用主要位于矿床深部及外围,以细脉状、脉状、浸染状黄铁矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿及少量辉钼矿等为主,蚀变为钾硅化、青磐岩化、黄铁绢英岩化,发育A、B、D型脉体。浅成低温热液成矿作用主要产于矿床中-浅部,叠加于斑岩成矿作用之上,以浸染状-脉状黄铁矿、硫砷铜矿、斑铜矿、铜蓝、蓝辉铜矿、斯硫铜矿、雅硫铜矿、久辉铜矿等Cu-S体系矿物为特征,蚀变为高级泥化,广泛发育N脉(即高岭石或明矾石-硫化物脉)。蚀变、矿化特征及脉体穿切关系揭示,矿床成岩成矿作用可细分为岩浆期(Ⅰ)、岩浆-热液期(Ⅱ)和表生期(Ⅲ)。成岩成矿年代学结果揭示,矿区内闪长玢岩侵位时代较早(123 Ma),代表岩浆活动上限;花岗闪长斑岩(122～120 Ma)是主要的含矿斑岩,与成矿作用关系最为密切;火山岩覆盖于地表,喷发时代较晚(111 Ma),代表成矿后岩浆活动的产物。钾硅化的黑云母和黄铁绢英岩化的绢云母40Ar-39Ar年龄分别(121.1±0.5) Ma、(120.8±0.9)Ma与斑岩成矿作用的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄((121.2±1.2) Ma)一致,而高级泥化的明矾石40Ar-39Ar年龄为(117.9±1.6)Ma与浅成低温热液矿化的黄铁矿Rb-Sr年龄((117.5±1.8)Ma)一致。所以,依据时空关系,铁格隆南超大型矿床成矿作用可细分为岩浆热液成矿作用(123～119 Ma)、浅成低温热液成矿作用(118～117 Ma)和火山岩覆盖保存(111～110 Ma)3个阶段。     

低硫化型与高硫化型浅成低温热液金矿中蚀变特征与成矿关系的对比研究

文章对浅成低温热液金矿床特征产物、蚀变分带、蚀变类型演化的成因及蚀变形成的主控因素进行了总结。与矿质沉淀在同一机制下形成的特征岩相和蚀变保存了成矿过程的重要信息,是有效勘查标志。低硫化型中热液爆破角砾岩、刃片状方解石/石英、细粒梳状石英及具快速冷却无序结构冰长石,是沸腾作用的产物,而沸腾同时控制金沉淀;高硫化型中蚀变以孔洞状石英、硫酸盐及粘土化等酸性淋滤产物为特征,流体酸性性质主要源于岩浆酸性挥发分在液相中的解离及SO2的歧化或氧化反应,孔洞状硅化岩是主要赋金部位,受孔洞或裂隙控制的石英中发生金矿化,它不同于岩浆酸性气水相与大气水为主流体混合形成的酸性淋滤蚀变及浸染状金矿化,而可能是由源于较深部岩浆单相流体（直接从熔体中出溶或与卤水相分离出来）浓缩形成的低温液相流体产生的。由绢英岩化到中级泥化的连续分带蚀变,有利于低硫化型金成矿;而由高级泥化到中级泥化的连续分带蚀变,对高硫化型金成矿有利。流体和围岩的性质、它们的物理化学梯度以及水岩比是控制热液蚀变最主要因素。初始流体酸碱成分对于形成的蚀变矿物组合具有决定性作用。低硫化型金成矿流体受地热系统驱动,初始富钾低酸性物质在低水岩比条件下形成以岩石缓冲为主的中碱性矿物组合;位于浅部岩浆-热液系统中或较深部岩浆气水,经过收缩或吸收大气水而形成高硫化型成矿流体,初始高酸性贫钾物质在高水岩比条件下形成流体主导的中酸性矿物组合。     

新西兰科罗曼德尔半岛金（铜）矿床地质特征、成因及找矿意义

新西兰科罗曼德尔半岛火山岩带是世界知名的浅成低温热液型金矿成矿省,也是新西兰最为重要的金银矿矿集区,在环太平洋成矿带内占有重要的地位。科罗曼德尔半岛浅成低温热液型金矿主要赋存于科罗曼德尔群中新世安山岩和英安岩中,矿化类型主要为石英脉型和角砾岩型2种。矿床的成矿流体特征表现出明显的大气降水特征,并显示有少量的岩浆水加入,成矿物质具岩浆来源特征,为石英±方解石±冰长石±伊利石亚型浅成低温热液型金矿。区内金矿成矿时代为16．3-2．0Ma,主要集中于7．0-6．0Ma之间,金矿的大规模形成与诺特兰德火山弧与科尔维一劳火山弧共同作用有关,区域构造背景由挤压转变为伸展环境的转折期,为金矿形成的高峰期。区内零星出露与浅成低温热液型金矿化有关的斑岩型铜矿化表明,该地区具有较好的斑岩型铜矿化潜力。     

Au–Ag–Te Mineralization of the Low‐Sulfidation Epithermal Aginskoe Deposit,Central Kamchatka,Russia

Mineralogic studies of major ore minerals and fluid inclusion analysis in gangue quartz were carried out for the for the two largest veins, the Aginskoe and Surprise, in the Late Miocene Aginskoe Au–Ag–Te deposit in central Kamchatka, Russia. The veins consist of quartz–adularia–calcite gangue, which are hosted by Late Miocene andesitic and basaltic rocks of the Alnei Formation. The major ore minerals in these veins are native gold, altaite, petzite, hessite, calaverite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Minor and trace minerals are pyrite, galena, and acanthine. Primary gold occurs as free grains, inclusions in sulfides, and constituent in tellurides. Secondary gold is present in form of native mustard gold that usually occur in Fe‐hydroxides and accumulates on the decomposed primary Au‐bearing tellurides such as calaverite, krennerite, and sylvanite. K–Ar dating on vein adularia yielded age of mineralization 7.1–6.9 Ma. Mineralization of the deposit is divided into barren massive quartz (stage I), Au–Ag–Te mineralization occurring in quartz‐adularia‐clays banded ore (Stage II), intensive brecciation (Stage III), post‐ore coarse amethyst (Stage IV), carbonate (Stage V), and supergene stages (Stage VI). In the supergene stage various secondary minerals, including rare bilibinskite, bogdanovite, bessmertnovite metallic alloys, secondary gold, and various oxides, formed under intensely oxidized conditions. Despite heavy oxidation of the ores in the deposit, Te and S fugacities are estimated as Stage II tellurides precipitated at the log f Te₂ values ?9 and at log fS₂ ?13 based on the chemical compositions of hypogene tellurides and sphalerite. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in quartz broadly ranges from 200 to 300°C. Ore texture, fluid inclusions, gangue, and vein mineral assemblages indicate that the Aginskoe deposit is a low‐sulfidation (quartz–adularia–sericite) vein system.