TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON VENTIFACT DEVELOPMENT,MOJAVE DESERT,CALIFORNIA

I nvestigations into processes of ventifact formation in the east-central Mojave Desert, California confirm the importance of topography as a control in the location, orientation, and intensity of ventifact abrasion. Ventifacts in the region appear to be relict in nature and probably formed during a period that ended several thousand years ago. Comparison of groove orientations with available wind data shows that regional flow direction has not changed in the recent past. Although west to northwest winds are the most frequent and intense, and therefore dictate the regional erosion pattern, low to moderate southeasterly flow is recorded on ventifacts near the crests of hills owing to the effects of velocity acceleration. Two conditions that affect ventifact development are considered in this paper: (1) wind acceleration through topographic constrictions; and (2) wind acceleration up the windward flanks of hills. Constrictions in the Barstow-Bristol trough allowed velocity increases that resulted in ventifaction on 70–90 percent of all exposed cobbles and boulders. Velocity acceleration towards the crests of hills caused a marked increase in sand transport and resultant abrasion, as expressed by increases in groove and pit dimensions. [Key words: Aeolian geomorphology, ventifacts, Mojave Desert, California.]     

Automatic techniques for 3D reconstruction of critical workplace body postures from range imaging data

The paper shows techniques for the determination of structured motion parameters from range camera image sequences. The core contribution of the work presented here is the development of an integrated least squares 3D tracking approach based on amplitude and range image sequences to calculate dense 3D motion vector fields. Geometric primitives of a human body model are fitted to time series of range camera point clouds using these vector fields as additional information. Body poses and motion information for individual body parts are derived from the model fit. On the basis of these pose and motion parameters, critical body postures are detected. The primary aim of the study is to automate ergonomic studies for risk assessments regulated by law, identifying harmful movements and awkward body postures in a workplace.     

CMIP6与CMIP5对历史大气层顶和地表辐射收支模拟的时空对比

基于云和地球辐射能量系统观测数据集（CERES),对比分析了耦合模式比较计划第五（CMIP5）和第六阶段（CMIP6）模拟的历史大气层顶和地表辐射收支的年际变化和空间分布,明确了多模式间不确定性大的关键区域。结果表明：在年际尺度上,除地表向上长波辐射外,CMIP6的辐射分量的集合均值较CMIP5更接近于CERES观测值,全球地表向下短波辐射的高估和大气逆辐射的低估在CMIP6中分别降低了1.9 W/m²和3.3 W/m²。除大气逆辐射外,CMIP6的辐射分量在多模式间的一致性较CMIP5提高。在北极,CMIP6对大气层顶反射短波、大气层顶出射长波和地表向下短波辐射的模拟偏差较CMIP5大。在南北纬60°,CMIP6对大气逆辐射的模拟偏差较CMIP5大。其他区域CMIP6的辐射分量更接近CERES观测值。CMIP6模拟的地表向下短波辐射和大气逆辐射的不确定性较大区域面积较CMIP5减小,但不确定性极大区域面积无变化。地表净辐射的不确定性空间分布在两代CMIP间变化甚小。青藏高原、赤道太平洋、热带雨林、阿拉伯半岛和南极洲沿海依然是地球系统模式模拟辐射收支不确定性极大的关键区域。     

Seeking a handle on climate change: Examining the comparative effectiveness of energy efficiency improvement and renewable energy production in the United States

This study examines the comparative effectiveness of two important proposed solutions to climate change—energy efficiency improvement and the development and use of renewable energy sources. We focus specifically on their impacts on carbon dioxide emissions by conducting fixed effects regression analysis of panel data pertaining to U.S. states. The analysis reveals a negative relationship between both remedies and carbon dioxide emissions. Although the effects of these potential solutions are statistically equivalent, renewable energy production has a slight edge. Reflecting upon these findings and the larger environmental problem, we caution against exclusive reliance on efficiency improvement and renewable energy to the neglect of other important actions, such as lifestyle modifications. A broad range of social changes, which incorporate the remedies investigated in this paper, are needed to limit long-term global temperature increases to the desired level.     

黄河流域夏季有效降水转化率

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国实测雨量资料,分析发现黄河流域夏季整层降水转化率普遍较低,因考虑到整层中应有某一气压层具有最有利的水汽输送、抬升凝结和垂直运动条件,由此将该气压层定义为有效降水转化率层(简称有效层),降水与有效层可降水量之比称为有效降水转化率。通过分析黄河流域夏季各分区垂直速度与水汽等因子,确定上、中、下游夏季有效层分别为地面~500hPa、600~400hPa、850~600hPa。对比分析表明:夏季各区平均水汽收支与降水转化率,各自在整层和有效层上的逐年演变趋势均一致,峰谷相对应,且49年间降水转化率在有效层上的数值均大于整层的。夏季有效降水转化率在青藏高原上空及中游东部最高,高原东北侧最低,旱、涝年与多年平均状况下的分布形式虽然一致,但涝年的数值明显大于旱年。     

大力推广浅层地热能开发利用 促进崇明生态建设与环境保护

浅层地热能开发利用是崇明生态岛建设的重要工作内容。结合崇明县经济社会发展规划,充分发挥绿色能源示范县建设的作用,推进浅层地热能开发利用管理机制建设,将促进崇明生态岛建设与环境保护。     

A New Formation Mechanism of Coesite without the Plate Deeply-Subduction and Fast-Exhumation——Comment on the Article “Discussion on Some Problems of Quartz-Coesite Phase Transition”

本文分析评论了嵇少丞等(2010)发表的“石英—柯石英相变研究中若干问题讨论”一文.指出他们对柯石英非俯冲折返新机制的一些误解,对某些热力学、物理学概念,及其在地学问题中的解释理解的不同.分析了机械球磨的作用机制;论证了机械球磨作用本质与构造挤压剪切作用本质的同一性.分析了岩石糜棱岩化过程的两个阶段;讨论了地震波形成柯石英机制的可能性.围绕比较标准问题,论证了高能机械球磨(预处理)能大大降低α-石英转变成柯石英的压力、温度和合成时间,促进柯石英的形成.用小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型解释了人工合成柯石英的规律性、南极洲天然矿物的行为,柯石英的寄生矿物、岩石——锆石、榴辉岩包裹体、非包裹体的形成.列举事例澄清了“球磨引进的Fe杂质提高柯石英形成压力迟缓合成”的说法;讨论了第二相存在对石英—柯石英转变的影响和“应变禁区”边界区的应力梯度相变驱动力可以形成柯石英问题.指出了机械球磨石英原料预处理和静高压合成柯石英后处理两步法,是一种实验室研究柯石英形成规律的有效物理方法;小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型和无需板块深俯冲快折返的柯石英形成机制,是一种有希望的柯石英形成新机制.     

利用蒙特卡罗方法的剩余静校正及其应用

针对剩余静校正问题,讨论了统计方法中的蒙特卡罗法用于反射波能量最大化剩余静校正的方法。分别论述了反射波叠加能量最大化法和蒙特卡罗方法,以及蒙特卡罗方法如何应用于剩余静校正的计算中,并用实例说明了该方法的效果。通过实际应用蒙特卡罗剩余静校正方法,解决了经野外静校正后残留的剩余静校正问题,并通过与其他剩余静校正方法的实际应用对比,说明了蒙特卡罗剩余静校正方法的优势。对于大剩余量的静校正问题,蒙特卡罗剩余静校正方法仍然可以很好的解决,并且不会产生串相位问题,说明蒙特卡罗剩余静校正方法是可靠的。     

上海地源热泵系统对地质环境的热影响分析

根据地源热泵工程试验场两年监测数据,分析了地下换热区地温场分布特征以及地源热泵系统短期运行对地质环境的热影响效应。换热区地温场分布主要受气温、建筑冷热负荷、原始地温、岩土导热系数、与换热孔距离等因素影响。在吸排热比基本平衡的条件下,地源热泵系统对地质环境的热影响较小。选择合理的埋管间距,充分利用地源热泵的热回收功能,采用冷却塔—地埋管、地表水—地埋管等复合系统,有助于消除吸排热比不平衡现象。     

黄河源高寒草原下垫面土壤冻融过程中陆-气间的水热交换特征分析

高寒草原水热交换的季节性特征显著,土壤冻融过程对地-气水热交换有着重要的影响.本文利用黄河源区汤岔玛小流域2014年5月至2015年5月陆面过程观测数据,将土壤冻融过程划分为完全融化(TT)和完全冻结(FF)两种状态与融冻(T-F)和冻融(F-T)两个过程,并分析了期间高寒草原下垫面净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和地表热通...