Some pathological abnormalities of New Zealand fishes

A number of pathological abnormalities previously unrecorded in New Zealand fishes are described. A silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) captured from the Bay of Islands exhibited swim bladder ectasia. Black oreo (Allocyttus niger) and smooth oreo (Pseudocyttus maculatus) had cysts of unknown aetiology (CUEs) in the gills at prevalences up to 76% and 81%, respectively, in some fishing areas. The CUEs appear long lived and may have some utility for stock discrimination. A hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) with X‐cell pseudotumours in the gill was recorded from the Chatham Rise. Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) had conspicuous Kudoa sp. cysts in the gills at prevalences of up to 28%. Smelt (Retropinna retropinna) from the Waikato River were infected with a xenoma forming, Glugea‐like microsporidian.     

Patterns of endemicity and range restriction among southern African coastal marine invertebrates

Southern Africa supports a rich marine biota of 12 734 currently described marine species. Although the distribution and overall species-richness patterns of several component taxa are well documented, studies considering range sizes are absent. This study considers range size frequencies and distribution patterns of seven major marine invertebrate taxa. The most commonly observed pattern of size frequency distributions is bimodal, with a predominance of species with either small or large range sizes, and few taxa with intermediate-sized ranges. This pattern is displayed by prosobranch and opisthobranch molluscs, polychaetes and amphipods, and for all invertebrate taxa examined combined. Peaks in small range sizes are likely a reflection of the numerous poorly sampled and/or endemic species in the region, while the high number of species with large range sizes can be attributed to the large proportion of widespread tropical Indo-Pacific species within the regional fauna. Overall, the largest peaks of range-restricted endemic species occurred around False Bay, Port Elizabeth, Durban, St Lucia and Maputo Bay. These areas are all situated at or adjacent to recognised biogeographic breaks for invertebrate assemblages, but coincidentally also tend to also be areas of enhanced research and shipping activity. The Cape Point region supports the highest number of endemics, with 73 species restricted to ranges of <100 km and 28 species to ranges <200 km.     

呼吸道和心脑血管疾病与气象条件关系的研究进展

全球气候的变化,城市热岛效应的持续和加强以及热浪冲击频率的增多,给人类的健康带来了很大的影响。 随着经济和技术的发展,人们生活水平的提高,疾病与气象条件之间的关系越来越受到关注。通过分析总结主要气象因素气温、气压、风速对呼吸道和心脑血管疾病发病和死亡情况影响的研究成果。对气象条件与疾病之间关系研究中存在的问题,提出了一些意见和建议。     

气候变化与人体健康

综述了气候变化与人类健康的关系,着重分析了气候变化对人体健康影响的主要方面与途径、适应气候变化的主要措施,提出了气候变化与人体健康关系研究中的科学问题及优先研究领域。并从国家层面上探讨了如何加强能力建设与制度建设等保障措施。     

Diseases leading to accelerated decline of reef corals in the largest South Atlantic reef complex (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil)

Although reef corals worldwide have sustained epizootics in recent years, no coral diseases have been observed in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean until now. Here we present an overview of the main types of diseases and their incidence in the largest and richest coral reefs in the South Atlantic (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil). Qualitative observations since the 1980s and regular monitoring since 2001 indicate that coral diseases intensified only recently (2005–2007). Based on estimates of disease prevalence and progression rate, as well as on the growth rate of a major reef-building coral species (the Brazilian-endemic Mussismilia braziliensis), we predict that eastern Brazilian reefs will suffer a massive coral cover decline in the next 50 years, and that M. braziliensis will be nearly extinct in less than a century if the current rate of mortality due to disease is not reversed.     

基于电子地图的村镇社区地方病、传染病防治咨询系统的研究与设计

村镇社区作为我国社会的基层组织,是社会生活最基本的环境载体,村镇社区对地方病、传染病防治工作的开展对城市社会医疗卫生工作的良性运行具有重要的影响。计算机、网络、数据库等技术的发展,为提高村镇社区地方病、传染病的防治管理水平提供了有效的途径。从村镇社区实际出发,设计了基于Java Applet的电子地图应用程序JAEMA,在此基础上,采用轻量级设计模式,综合运用Struts＋Spring＋Hibernate框架构建了村镇社区地方病、传染病防治咨询系统EIPCAS,为提高村镇社区地方病、传染病防治水平提供有效的技术支撑和决策支持。     

五个中国特有针叶树种树轮宽度对气候变化的敏感性

本文对采自四川西部的鳞皮冷杉、铁杉、红豆杉、高山松和青海东部的青海云杉等5个中国特有针叶树种树轮宽度对气候变化的敏感性进行了研究。这五5个针叶树种的年轮纹印清晰,伪年轮和丢年轮较少(麦秀云杉0.247%,飞水崖红豆杉0.202%),便于确定年代和量测宽度,用COFECHA程序对定年结果进行检验,证明交叉定年的结果是可靠的。统计分析结果显示,这5个中国特有种差值年表包含丰富的气候信息。相关分析显示,树轮宽度数据和气象数据有着显著的相关关系。5个树种对气候因子较为敏感的响应表明,它们是适于进行树轮气候学分析的树种;在树轮气候学的研究中具有很大的潜力和应用前景。     

不同人口流动模式下城市传染病时空传播模型适用性研究

空间显式传染病传播模型由于能够较好地模拟城市内部的传染病传播过程,在城市疫情防控中得到了广泛应用。但现有的空间显式模型大多按照人口随机流动模式来模拟城市人口流动行为,未考虑城市中以通勤为主的人口流动模式。本文以长沙市的2014年第1～49周手足口病传播过程为例,将4、8、24邻域扩散以及重力模型、辐射模型共5种不同的人口流动模式与周期SEIR动力学模型结合建立起五种传染病传播模型,并通过比较模型时间和空间精度来明确不同人口流动模式应用在城市内传染病时空传播模拟中的各自优势和适用范围。实验结果表明：每种人口流动模式在城市内传染病时空传播模拟中都有其使用前提和适用范围。基于24邻域扩散的传播模型对手足口病病例数拟合精度最高(RMSE_spatial＿ts=0.58,RMSE_spatial＿st=0.95),基于重力模型的传播模型对城市内部传染病时空传播模拟中的传播趋势的模拟精度最高(r_spatial＿ts=0.46,r_spatial＿st=0.39),且对长沙市人口相对稠密区域(格网常住人口数大于第三四分...     

贵州地方病氟中毒的氟源、致病途径与预防措施

运用高温燃烧水解-氟离子选择性电极方法,对贵州织金县地方病氟中毒重灾区的化落村、荷花村和马家庄村居民用的粉煤、拌煤黏土、煤泥混合燃料、玉米、辣椒等系列样品进行了氟含量测定,结果表明,这些样品中的氟含量均值分别为237．1／μg／g、2261．9／μg／g、827．9／μg／g、1418．8／μg／g和110．1／μg／g。玉米和辣椒中氟的含量超出国家标准食品中氟允许量的约1000倍和100倍。氟中毒的氟源主要来自拌煤黏土,氟在拌煤黏土中除了以磷灰石、角闪石形式存在外,与伊蒙混层矿物和伊利石的吸附密切相关。煤泥混合燃料在燃烧过程中,约有80％的氟被释放。除了采用固（降）氟技术以外,病区居民改变生活习惯,在食用辣椒前用清水淘洗,把玉米粒加工成玉米面前进行脱皮处理,可以除去食物表面相当一部分氟,对预防地方病氟中毒有重要作用。