Crustal thickening prior to 38 Ma in southern Tibet: Evidence from lower crust-derived adakitic magmatism in the Gangdese Batholith

The petrogenesis and geodynamic implications of the Cenozoic adakites in southern Tibet remain topics of debate. Here we report geochronological and geochemical data for host granites and mafic enclaves from Wolong in the eastern Gangdese Batholith, southern Tibet. Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating indicates that the Wolong host granites and enclaves were synchronously emplaced at ca. 38 Ma. The host granites are medium- to high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous (A/CNK = 0.93-0.96), with high Al₂O₃ (15.47-17.68%), low MgO (0.67-1.18%), very low abundances of compatible elements (e.g., Cr = 3.87-8.36 ppm, Ni = 3.04-5.71 ppm), and high Sr/Y ratios (127-217), similar to those typical of adakite. The mafic enclaves (SiO₂ = 51.08-56.29%) have 3.83-5.02% MgO and an Mg^# of 48-50, with negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.59-0.79). The Wolong host granites and enclaves have similar Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7053-0.7055, ε_Nd(t) = − 2.7 to − 1.4), with varying zircon ε_Hf(t) values, ranging from + 6.0 to + 12.6. A comprehensive study of the data available for adakitic rocks from the Gangdese Batholith indicates that the Wolong adakitic host granites were derived from partial melting of a thickened lower crust, while the parental magmas of the mafic enclaves were most likely derived from lithospheric mantle beneath southern Tibet. The Wolong granitoids are interpreted as the result of mixing between the thickened lower crust-derived melts and lithospheric mantle-derived mafic melts, which are likely the protracted magmatic response to the break-off of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab at about 50 Ma. Our results suggest that the crustal thickening in southern Tibet occurred prior to ~ 38 Ma, and support the general view that the India-Asia collision must have occurred before 40 Ma.     

西天山吐拉苏盆地安山岩中发现岩石包体及地质找矿意义

新疆西天山斑岩型铜矿找矿前景良好,但面临攻坚;吐拉苏盆地是西天山浅成低温热液型金矿集区,晚古生代吐拉苏盆地是北天山洋向南向伊犁板块之下俯冲形成的“西南太平洋型”岛弧环境,在金矿深边部寻找斑岩型铜金矿值得关注。笔者最近在岛弧安山岩中发现硫化物矿化二长斑岩、细晶闪长岩等岩石包体。岩石包体发现于塔乌尔别克金矿区,多呈浑圆体或次棱角状,随机分布于安山岩中,与围岩界线截然,常见安山岩围绕岩石包体形成冷凝边。二长斑岩包体显示似斑状结构,斑晶由斜长石和钾长石组成;细晶闪长岩主要由斜长石和角闪石组成,细晶结构,块状构造;寄主安山岩为斑状结构,斑晶为斜长石和少量角闪石及单斜辉石,基质由短柱状斜长石及少量单斜辉石组成,玻基交织结构。二长斑岩包体、细晶闪长岩包体和寄主安山岩三者具有极为相似的微量元素和稀土元素组成,均富集大离子亲石元素、相对亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素。这些岩石学和地球化学特点反映岩石包体是岛弧火山喷发过程中从下覆地质体捕掳成因,指示安山岩层之下存在同源斑岩体并可能已发生硫化物矿化。综合考虑吐拉苏盆地铜矿化点、酸性热液蚀变、高硫型和低硫型浅成低温热液金矿的组合关系,认为盆地内发育斑岩-浅成低温热液金铜成矿系统,塔乌尔别克是斑岩型铜金矿找矿重要靶区。     

Occurrence and significance of a quartz–amphibole schist xenolith within a mafic microgranular enclave in the Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex,SE China

The Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex is composed of rhyolitic crystal tuffs, welded tuffs, rhyodacite, porphyroclastic rhyolitic lava, subvolcanic rocks such as granite porphyry, and late quartz monzonitic porphyry and lamprophyre dikes. We report the first occurrence of a quartz–amphibole schist (QAS) xenolith enclosed within a mafic microgranular enclave (MME) in the Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex. The mineralogy of this xenolith consists of amphibole, biotite, quartz, and minor plagioclase. Petrographic and mineral composition studies indicate that the protolith of this xenolith likely originated from the metamorphic basement beneath Xiangshan. The amphibole (actinolite and magnesiohorblende) has been partially replaced by orthopyroxene at 800–1000°C and by diopside at <700°C, according to mineral thermometers; this replacement process may have taken place after the xenolith was trapped by the mafic magma host (now an MME). Studies of the QAS xenolith provide new information on the emplacement history of the mafic magma. The peak metamorphic temperature for amphibole replaced by pyroxene is higher than the crystallization temperature of the subvolcanic magma, which indicates that the heat of pyroxene formation must have been provided by the engulfing mafic melt. This magma must have emplaced to crustal level and trapped the QAS as a xenolith and then injected into the felsic magma. We suggested that the hybridization processes for the major elements of the pristine mafic magma may have been contaminated by crustal rocks to form its present composition of MME before mafic magma injection. However, the hybridization process appears not to have been formed via a single-stage process because various types of MMEs are presented in the Mesozoic magmatic rocks of SE China.     

西准噶尔夏尔莆岩体岩浆混合的锆石U-Pb年代学证据

尽管岩相学标志是识别岩浆混合的最直接、最重要的证据,但其寄主岩石、幔源包体及基性岩墙群的精确同位素定年则是对岩浆混合证据的重要补充。夏尔莆岩体由寄主岩石、微细粒镁铁质包体和中基性岩墙群组成,高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明三者的年龄分别为297.6±2.5Ma、298.2±8.0Ma、298.9±5.0Ma,在误差范围内一致,说明三者是同一岩浆事件的产物,为夏尔莆岩体岩浆混合成因提供了年代学证据。夏尔莆岩体的岩浆混合成因的确立证实了早二叠世西准噶尔地壳深部发生过强烈的壳幔岩浆混合作用,并导致了该地区一次重要的地壳垂向生长事件,而岩体中大量的微细粒镁铁质包体和中基性墙群正是这次生长事件的物质记录者。     

秦岭早中生代壳幔岩浆混合作用——来自东江口花岗岩体闪长质包体的地球化学证据

      东江口花岗岩及闪长质包体分别获得了218 Ma 和224 Ma 的形成年龄,闪长质包体中存在岩浆不平衡结构并发育与寄 主花岗岩相同的钾长石斑晶及淬冷形成的针状磷灰石,揭示了花岗岩形成过程中曾发生二元岩浆混合作用。这种混合作用 已造成寄主花岗岩和闪长质包体化学组成的趋同,同时使得它们的Sr-Nd-Pb 同位素组成发生强烈均一化。但暗色闪长质包 体锆石具有较宽的εHf（t ）值（-4.58~3.31）,保留了二端元岩浆源区的特征。秦岭早中生代同期闪长质包体锆石εHf（t ）＞ 10 及寄主花岗岩锆石εHf（t ）＜ -10 的差异表明,它们分别来自相对亏损地幔源区和中元古代滞留于地壳的幔源基性物质, 而两个源区的岩浆,自224 Ma 以来发生强烈混合作用,形成大规模的壳幔混合花岗岩体。     

北京房山花岗闪长岩体中包体的演化及闪长质微粒包体的成因

依据53个观察点2 615个包体的统计,将房山花岗闪长岩体中的包体划分为捕虏岩包体和微粒包体两大类.包体与岩体在组分上具有明显的浓度差,在物理化学上是不平衡的,包体与岩浆之间必然发生交互反应,从而形成包体的同心环带构造.捕虏岩包体环带构造特别发育,尤其是碳酸盐岩包体.根据50余个包体岩石薄片观察、矿物化学及岩石化学分析结果,将碳酸盐岩包体从早到晚的演化规律划分为4个阶段：热变质角岩化阶段→超镁铁质基性岩化阶段→中基性岩化阶段→中酸性岩化阶段,直至包体消失.56个微粒包体岩石薄片鉴定结果表明,其主要组成矿物是普通角闪石、黑云母和斜长石,组成和体积分数与闪长岩相当,因此又称为闪长质包体,定量统计结果表明,暗色闪长质包体的暗色矿物体积分数＞35％,浅色闪长质包体的暗色矿物体积分数＜35％,后者可构成前者的浅色边.根据闪长质微粒包体的宏观特征及分布规律、特殊的结构构造、主要造岩矿物与寄主岩的对比以及6 187个斜长石双晶类型百分率的成因分析得出,房山花岗闪长岩体中的闪长质微粒包体尽管有多种成因,但有不少可能是捕虏岩包体变质改造的结果.     

小兴安岭东南金山屯一带晚三叠世二长花岗岩成因及其地质意义

在小兴安岭东南端金山屯一带,广泛发育近南北向展布的晚三叠世似斑状二长花岗岩岩石组合,岩石中普遍见有暗色微细粒闪长质包体和中-基性脉岩群。对岩体及其包体、中-基性脉岩的宏观、微观特征和地球化学特征的研究表明,包体形态多呈浑圆的外形,显示出明显的塑性流变特点,具典型的岩浆结构包体中见针状磷灰石和含寄主岩钾长石、石英巨晶,具有明显的岩浆混合成因的包体特征;岩体的中-基性脉岩（群）形态多样,与花岗岩的界面或呈小波浪状或呈平直状,并见寄主岩长石斑晶,表现出壳幔混合作用形成的同深成岩墙群特征。该区晚三叠世二长花岗岩具显著的岩浆混合成因特征,其形成可能与碰撞后伸展动力学机制下的基性岩浆底侵作用有关。     

Petrological and Mineralogical Study of Enclaves in Plutons in the Typical Mining Districts of Tongling,Anhui and Its Bearing on the Process of Magmatism—Metallogeny

Two types of enclaves occur in magmatic plutons in Tongling,Anhui.Enclaves of the first type are residuals of metamorphic rocks of high amphibolite facies,and those of the other type are magmatic rocks ranging from monzonitic to dioritic in composition. A combined petrological and mineralogical study has been carried out on the two types of enclaves in order to estimate their forming conditions and analyze their relations to their hosts.so as to have an insight into the material sources of magmatic rocks and associated mineral deposits and give a clue to better understanding the mechanism of magmatism-metallogeny.This leads us to propose a new metallogenic model for strats-bound skarn-type ore deposits associated with a syntectic type of magmatic rocks.The new model can be simply summarized as partial melting of old metamorphic basement rocks at depth and accumulating,differentiating and positioning of magmas to form deep-level and shallow-level magma chambers,follower by mixing of different magmas associated with their crypto-explosion,migration of gas-bearing ore fluids and precipitation of metals in fluids within the magmas.     

Zadar on the Crossroad of Nationalisms in the 20th Century

Zadar, the ex capital of Dalmatia (South Croatia), within the borders of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, reached the 20th century as a well developed administrative and governing centre. It is a city situated on the eastern (Croatian) Adriatic coast, with an almost 3000 years old tradition and rich cultural and art heritage. After the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was proclaimed (later: the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). Zadar, as a separate enclave (in Italian named Zara), was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. It was the result of the Treaty of Rapallo, by which Zadar was separated from its region. This alienated enclave covered 57 km² and there were about 20,000 inhabitants. In this way, the normal regional function of Zadar was interrupted which lasted untill the end of WW II. It was a period of isolation, economic stagnation, smuggling, political marginality and military-strategical importance. Zadar became not only one of the symbols of the failure of Croats to create their independent state after Austro-Hungarian disintegration but also a symbol of the realisation of nationalistic aspirations of the Kingdoms of Italy and Serbia. In the first place Zadar lost its function as a leading governmental and strong economical centre of South Croatia (Dalmatia). The great majority of Croatian inhabitants had to leave the city. Thousands of Italians immigrated, which led to a complete change in the ethnic structure. The most disastrous consequence was the air-raid destruction of Zadar during WW II., in which about 5000 people died. After the destroyed town had been returned to the motherland Republic of Croatia, the restoration took a long time. The borders of Zadar district were often changed, its territory reduced or increased. Since Croatia gained independence, the role of this geographic area has become politically extremely important. Today, Zadar numbers 80,000 inhabitants. The recent NATO intention of installing a logistic basis near it (1998) also proves that strategic and geopolitical interests, regarding this city and its region, continue.     

商城岩体岩石学特征及其成因探讨

本文以同源岩浆演化理论为指导思想，对组成商城岩体的楼坊湾、石鼓洼、肆顾墩三个单元，从其地质特征、岩石结构、构造、矿物成分及岩石地球化学特征等方面的演化规律，进行了较为详细的研究。认为其是由同一构造－热事件所产生的同源岩浆，经过三次涌动上侵所形成的复杂深成岩体。并且在岩石成因类型上为具有Ｉ型花岗岩地球化学特征的Ｓ型花岗岩。