Living the good life? The rise of urban mixed-use enclaves in Metro Manila

Gated communities and other forms of privatized enclaves have become features of many cities. The rise of urban mixed-use enclaves, which integrate functions of work, entertainment and living, is a relatively new and understudied phenomenon that is expanding rapidly throughout the Global South. In this article, we advance the concept of enclave urbanism through a case study of Eastwood City in Metro Manila, the Philippines. We trace the enabling factors for mixed-use enclave creation and assess how the different functions are marketed and integrated in practice into one “live–work–play” development. Based on extensive qualitative research, we argue that the global capital accumulation strategy of real estate developers leads to a strong focus on production and entertainment functions, but neglects questions of liveability. We reflect on the implications of our findings for mega-urban regions and urban studies research.     

两广交界地区花岗岩中包体的类型，特征与成因

据包体岩相学及矿物学研究，包体岩石为角闪岩相到麻粒岩相的副变质岩，岩石类型有麻粒岩，变粒岩，片麻岩和富云包体，角闪岩相包体形成的温度为633度，压力为460Mpa-550MPa，麻粒岩包体形成的温度为781－883度，压力为530MPa-710MPa，包体为部分熔融形成寄主花岗岩岩浆的源区岩石列余，其中大容－十万大山地区角闪岩相－ 麻粒岩相包体岩石为区域动热变质成因；云开大山地区麻粒岩包体岩石为热穹隆变质成因。     

论酸性－中酸性火成岩中包体的分类与命名

本文针对在酸性－中酸性火成岩中包体分类与命名方面存在的一些问题，阐释和厘定了有关包体名称和概念的基本含义．在此基础上，对现有包体名称和概念进行了归类．根据包体的特征及其研究工作的特点，提出了包体的分类命名原则．同时，通过分析寄主岩及其包体形成的地质作用过程，系统提出了包体的成因分类．     

青藏东缘六合—香多镁铁质深源包体的平衡 P-T条件及其指示意义

依据青藏东缘六合-香多镁铁质深源包体中石榴石、辉石、角闪石和斜长石的矿物电子探针成分,采用Grt Cpx温度计（T EG79、T P85、T K88、和 T R2000）、Grt Hbl温度计（T GP84和 T RV2000）和Hbl Pl温度计（T BH90）以及角闪石Al压力计（P Al in Hb l）估算了包体的平衡温压条件。结果表明,石榴透辉岩、石榴斜长角闪岩、石榴角闪岩、斜长角闪岩和角闪石岩包体的平衡温压分别是770～920℃和 0．83～1．50GPa（相当于27～50km深）、730～950℃和 0．85～1．04GPa（相当于28～34km深）、 720～900℃和 0．74～1．32GPa（相当于24～44km深）、512～753℃和 0．71～0．98GPa（相当于23～32km深）以及 0．60～0．84GPa（相当于20～28km深）。前 3类包体主要来自下地壳,平衡温压较高（720～950℃、0．74～1．50GPa）;后 2类包体主要来自中地壳,平衡温压较低（510～735℃、0．60～0．98GPa）。包体的平衡温压条件还暗示了高钾岩浆起源的最小深度在50km以上。     

Multiple sources for the origin of granites: Geochemical and Nd/Sr isotopic evidence from the Gudaoling granite and its mafic enclaves, northeast China

Geochemical and Sr- and Nd-isotopic data have been determined for mafic to intermediate microgranular enclaves and host granitoids from the Early Cretaceous Gudaoling batholith in the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China. The rocks include monzogranite, porphyric granodiorite and quartz diorite. Monzogranites have relatively high ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.672-0.853), low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7052-0.7086) and ε _Nd(t) values (−18.5 to −20.9) indicating that they were mainly derived from a newly underplated crustal source with a short crustal residence time. Quartz diorites have high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7118-0.7120) and negative ε _Nd(t) values (−13.2 to −18.1) coupled with high Al₂O₃ and MgO contents, indicating they were derived from enriched lithospheric mantle with contributions of radiogenic Sr from plagioclase-rich metagreywackes or meta-igneous rocks, i.e., ancient lower crust. Two groups of enclaves with igneous textures and abundant acicular apatites are distinguished: dioritic enclaves and biotite monzonitic enclaves. Dioritic enclaves have low Al₂O₃ (13.5-16.4 wt%) and high MgO (Mg# = ∼72.3) concentrations, low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7058-0.7073) and negative ε _Nd(t) values (∼−7.2), and are enriched in LILEs and LREEs and depleted in HFSEs, suggesting they were derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle source. Biotite monzonitic enclaves have Sr and Nd isotopic compositions similar to the monzogranites, indicating they were crystal cumulates of the parental magmas of these monzogranites. Granodiorites have transitional geochemistry and Nd- and Sr-isotopic compositions, intermediate between the monzogranites, quartz diorites and the enclaves.Geochemical and Sr- and Nd-isotopic compositions rule-out simple crystal-liquid fractionation or restite unmixing as the major genetic link between enclaves and host rocks. Instead, magma mixing of mafic mantle-derived and juvenile crustal-derived magmas, coupled with crystal fractionation and assimilation of ancient lower crust, is compatible with the data. This example shows that at least some calc-alkaline granitoids are not produced by pure intracrustal melting, but formed through a complex, multi-stage hybridization process, involving mantle- and crustal-derived magmas and several concomitant magmatic processes (crystal fractionation, crustal assimilation and crustal anatexis).     

铜陵地区中酸性侵入岩的懈体岩石学研究

铜陵地区中生代中酸性侵入岩中含有捕虏体、残余体和岩产乐包体三大类型，其中岩浆包体包堆积岩包体、堆积晶包体、混杂岩包体和冷凝边包体。各类石包体的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学特征均不相同，反映了它们成因上的差异。     

新疆二台北花岗岩体的变形构造研究

对新疆北部二台北花岗岩体内暗色包体的变形特征及包体内应变矿物的显微变形构造特征进行了深入研究，并分析了这些构造的变形过程，提出了岩体侵位时的运动学与动力学构造模式。     

新疆准噶尔地区花岗岩中微粒闪长质包体特征及后碰撞花岗质岩浆起源和演化

新疆准噶尔地区也布山、庙儿沟两个晚古生代后碰撞准铝一过铝质花岗岩体中，广泛发育大量的暗色微粒闪长质包体。岩石学、矿物学、主量元素和微量元素地球化学研究表明，包体与其寄主岩存在明显的亲缘关系。东准噶尔也布山黑云母花岗岩体中的暗色微粒包体与寄主岩有相似的地球化学成分，表明它是与寄主花岗岩相同成因的同源包体，是来自上地幔的基性岩浆经过高度演化、结晶分异的产物；西准噶尔庙儿沟二长花岗岩体中含钾长石斑晶的微粒包体则主要是由幔源的下地壳基性岩部分熔融形成的残余体，被酸性岩浆携带并发生成分上的同化和混染，最后在上地壳侵位的产物。同准噶尔碱性花岗岩一样，载荷包体的准铝一过铝质花岗岩是晚古生代后碰撞阶段构造一岩浆活动的岩石类型之一，其形成和演化标志了准噶尔地区后碰撞幔源岩浆底侵作用导致大陆地壳垂向生长的过程。     

海南岛晚中生代壳幔岩浆混合作用--来自闪长质淬冷包体的证据

对海南岛屯昌花岗闪长岩中的闪长质淬冷包体进行了较详细的研究。岩石和岩石地球化学特征均显示包体是由来自地幔的高温镁铁质岩浆注入地壳长英质岩浆混合而成，是深部壳幔岩浆混合作用的岩石学记录。它表明海南岛自中晚侏罗世以来发生的岩石圈伸展—减薄—双峰式构造岩浆作用于白垩纪达到了鼎盛阶段。     

Discovery of Enclaves from Cenozoic Pulu Volcanic Rocks in West Kunlun Mountains and Its Geological Implications

In this paper,we present the occurrence and mineral components of the enclaves firstly dis-covered in the Cenozoic Pulu volcanic rocks in west Kunlun Mountains,and propose that the enclave is accumulated by fractional crystallization within high-level magma chamber.In addition,the chemical compostions of its primary magma are calculated.The calculated compositions are similar to those of the Kangxiwa volcanic rocks that belong to the same volcanic belt in the Pulu volcanic region,suggesting their origin from the same source region.However,the temperatures and oxygen fugacity of magmas at high-level magma chamber decreased along with fractional crystallization.