青海省降尘量时空分布及其影响因素分析

大气降尘在生活中随处可见,与人们的生活息息相关。本研究应用青海省8个监测站2004-2010年降尘量资料及气候和社会资料,对青海省降尘量时空分布规律及其影响因素进行灰色关联度和主成分分析。结果表明,青海省降尘量城市大,偏远的瓦里关山小;月降尘量4月峰11月谷;季节降尘量春季＞夏季＞冬季＞秋季;年降尘量玛多和西宁呈下降趋势,共和与平安呈增加趋势,而瓦里关本底台、德令哈、同仁和格尔木降尘量年际间变化趋势不明显。沙尘天气出现频率年际和年代际变化均呈减少趋势。气候因素与降尘量的关联度自青海省东部向西部逐渐增大;社会因素中与降尘量的关联度大于0.900的因子有造林面积、木材采伐量、房屋建筑竣工面积、烟尘排放量、植被盖度综合指数、人口、工业粉尘排放量和农作物播种面积;对与降尘量的灰色关联度大于0.8的19个社会、气候因子进行主成分分析表明,气候因子的载荷值明显高于社会因子,气候因素对降尘量的影响集中而突出,而社会因素影响复杂而分散。     

柴达木盆地表土与大气降尘粒度Weibull组成及其环境意义

柴达木盆地北部现代地表不同沉积环境沉积物粒度分析结果显示,多数盆地地表沉积物质呈Weibull三峰分布,具有超细粒、细粒、粗粒3个组分,个别样品包含沙粒组分,绝大多数的样品匮乏细粒-超细粒组分,以高含量分选性较好的粗粒组分和低含量分选性差的细粒-超细粒组分为总体特征。现代沙尘暴天气降尘粒度分布模式较为单一,以高含量窄峰态的粗粒组分为显著特征。依据含量最高主峰所在Weibull粒度组分,本研究将全部粒度分布分为3种类型:以高含量细粒组分主导的F型、以高含量粗粒组分主导的C型和以高含量沙粒组分主导的S型。比较沙尘暴降尘、季节降尘和年降尘粒度分布模式的结果表明,研究区全年和季节大气降尘主要由沙尘暴天气降尘贡献,在细粒和超细粒组分上,同时混合有尘暴释放和正常天气条件下大气本底粉尘沉降两种来源的风尘成分。分析冬季研究区湖泊（苏干湖）冰层粉尘粒度分布模式发现,细粒组分含量显著偏高,可达70.6%,明显有别于其他沉积环境粒度组成,对比年降尘细粒-超细粒组分成因我们初步认为,细粒组分可用于指示冬季风盛行季节近地面大范围风场搬运风尘物质的状况。     

北疆地区城市大气降尘磁学特征及其环境意义

应用环境磁学方法,系统地研究了乌鲁木齐市和木垒县大气自然降尘所含磁性矿物的类型、晶体粒径和含量及其环境意义。结果表明:①乌鲁木齐市和木垒县降尘中铁磁性矿物含量高,其磁学特征主要受磁铁矿控制。②乌鲁木齐市降尘中磁性矿物含量高,尤其冬季降尘,而木垒县降尘中磁性矿物含量相对较低。③乌鲁木齐市降尘样品中磁性矿物的晶体颗粒较粗,磁学特征显示多畴（MD）和假单畴（PSD）颗粒的等效特性,季节差异性小;木垒县降尘样品中磁性矿物的晶体粒径较细,为单畴（SD）颗粒,季节性差异大。研究指示乌鲁木齐市人类活动过程中排放了大量的磁性矿物,并对其降尘的磁学特征产生了明显影响,冬季表现的尤为明显。     

Effects of geomorphic conditions, wind speed, and precipitation on dustfall over northern China

We investigated how dustfall flux (DF) and dust particle size (DPS) were affected by geomorphic conditions, wind speed, and precipitation using data from 27 sites in northern China. The sites with the greatest DF and greatest median diameter of dustfall (MDD) were primarily in desert regions and had extensive mobile sands. DF and MDD were lowest in agricultural regions, which had low levels of coarse particles because of human land use and high vegetation coverage that restrained blowing sand. DF values were higher and MDD values were lower in the western agricultural region than in the eastern agricultural region because the former is closer to desert regions and contains more fine dust that has traveled far. In regions with extensive desertified lands, DF values were lower than those in desert regions, and MDD values were greater than in agricultural regions, possibly due to coarsening of soil texture by desertification processes combined with higher vegetation coverage and soil moisture than in desert regions, thereby restraining blowing sand. Although high DF and MDD always coincided spatially with strong winds and low precipitation, the strong winds and low precipitation did not always mean high DF and MDD. High DF also coincided temporally with periods of low precipitation, but low precipitation did not always mean high DF. Thus, although the spatial trends in DF and DPS were controlled mostly by geomorphic conditions, and monthly trends in DF were controlled mainly by wind speed, weak wind and high precipitation can restrain the blowing sand at certain times and locations. Seasonal changes in DPS may be controlled simultaneously by geomorphic conditions, meteorological factors, and distance from source areas, not solely by the winter monsoon.