第四纪地层钻具起下钻受阻和岔孔事故处理

在厚第四纪地层中进行勘探施工,最常见且最难以处理的孔内事故钻具下钻受阻,导致经常出现岔孔等孔内事故,对钻探施工影响很大。本文运用现代钻探理论,结合现场事故处理经验等资料,分析论证了在钻进和停钻时地层、泥浆和钻具等因素对钻孔孔径的影响,并对此问题的处理了探讨。     

基于模糊数学评价法优化凡纳滨对虾真空微波干燥工艺

【目的】探求真空微波干燥凡纳滨对虾的最佳工艺条件,以期为开发凡纳滨对虾即食食品提供技术参考。【方法】以新鲜凡纳滨对虾为原料,模糊数学感官评分为主要考察指标,在单因素试验基础上,选择载装量A、功率B、真空度C为自变量,利用响应面法和模糊数学评价法对真空微波干燥工艺进行优化。【结果】以感官评定为基础对真空微波干燥凡纳滨对虾的品质进行权重分析,得到权重集K=(色泽0.335,滋味0.305,香气0.215,组织质地0.145)。建立二次多项回归方程:Y=84.588+1.084A+1.409B+1.700C-7.353A²-8.793B²-13.860C²,显示载装量A、功率B、真空度C对感官评分有极显著影响(P<0.01)。通过响应面分析,得到真空微波干燥凡纳滨对虾的最佳工艺条件:载装量75 g,加热功率400 W,真空度0.08 MPa。在此条件下,真空微波干燥凡纳滨对虾品质良好,感官评分为(85.6±0.07)分,与预测值85.92分误差较小。【结论】响应面法优化凡纳滨对虾真空微波干燥工艺具有操作简单、优化条件精确、结果显示直观等优点;建立的回归方程能反映装载量等三个因素对指标的影响规律,并可进行实际预测。     

河北平原冬小麦播种面积收缩对农业水资源消耗的影响(英文)

This study firstly analyzed the shrinkage of winter wheat and the changes of cropping systems in the Hebei Plain from 1998 to 2010 based on the agricultural statistic data of 11 cities and meteorological data, including daily temperature, precipitation, water vapor, wind speed and minimum relative humidity data from 22 meteorological stations, and then calculated the water deficit and irrigation water resources required by different cropping systems, as well as the irrigation water resources conserved as a result of cropping system changes, using crop coefficient method and every ten-day effective precipitation estimation method. The results are as follows. 1) The sown areas of winter wheat in the 11 cities in the Hebei Plain all shrunk during the study period. The shrinkage rate was 16.07% and the total shrinkage area amounted to 49.62×104ha. The shrinkage was most serious in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan agglomerate, with a shrinkage rate of 47.23%. 2) The precipitation fill rate of winter wheat was only 20%–30%, while those of spring maize and summer maize both exceeded 50%. The irrigation water resources demanded by the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system ranged from 400 mm to 530 mm, while those demanded by the spring maize single cropping system ranged only from 160 mm to 210 mm. 3) The water resources conserved as a result of the winter wheat sown area shrinkage during the study period were about 15.96×108m3/a, accounting for 27.85% of those provided for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei by the first phase of the Mid-Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.     

基于子带内小波系数相关性的遥感图像滤波

滤波是遥感图像处理和应用过程中必不可少的一个环节.传统的小波域滤波方法对所有的细节小波系数逐一进行独立的收缩处理,而没有顾及小波系数之间的相关性,因而不具备较强的鲁棒性和适应性.文中提出一种基于小波系数聚集性分布的滤波策略.该方法认为小波系数的分布具有集中性,对当前的系数在邻域内计算其能量,而后将其纳入系数的收缩策略,...     

海水化学需氧量烘箱加热测定方法的研究

在海水化学需氧量(COD)测定中, 利用烘箱代替海洋监测规范中的电炉对样品进行加热; 探讨了烘箱加热测定法所需的加热条件及其测定范围, 并通过实际水样测定了解此法的精确度和准确度。结果表明, 烘箱加热测定法具有与海洋监测规范方法同等水平的精确度和准确度, 并且在大批量样品测定中具有省时、省电、省力的优点, 具有较好的应用价值。     

Urban fluvial flood modelling using a two‐dimensional diffusion‐wave treatment,part 1: mesh resolution effects

High‐resolution data obtained from airborne remote sensing is increasing opportunities for representation of small‐scale structural elements (e.g. walls, buildings) in complex floodplain systems using two‐dimensional (2D) models of flood inundation. At the same time, 2D inundation models have been developed and shown to provide good predictions of flood inundation extent, with respect to both full solution of the depth‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations and simplified diffusion‐wave models. However, these models have yet to be applied extensively to urban areas. This paper applies a 2D raster‐based diffusion‐wave model to determine patterns of fluvial flood inundation in urban areas using high‐resolution topographic data and explores the effects of spatial resolution upon estimated inundation extent and flow routing process. Model response shows that even relatively small changes in model resolution have considerable effects on the predicted inundation extent and the timing of flood inundation. Timing sensitivity would be expected, given the relatively poor representation of inertial processes in a diffusion‐wave model. Sensitivity to inundation extent is more surprising, but is associated with: (1) the smoothing effect of mesh coarsening upon input topographical data; (2) poorer representation of both cell blockage and surface routing processes as the mesh is coarsened, where the flow routing is especially complex; and (3) the effects of (1) and (2) upon water levels and velocities, which in turn determine which parts of the floodplain the flow can actually travel to. It is shown that the combined effects of wetting and roughness parameters can compensate in part for a coarser mesh resolution. However, the coarser the resolution, the poorer the ability to control the inundation process, as these parameters not only affect the speed, but also the direction of wetting. Thus, high‐resolution data will need to be coupled to a more sophisticated representation of the inundation process in order to obtain effective predictions of flood inundation extent. This is explored in a companion paper. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

半干旱及大温差环境下水泥稳定碎石变形试验

为研究水稳基层变形影响因素,对水泥剂量、品种、级配设计等方面展开系统试验研究。本文对骨架密实型水泥稳定碎石、悬浮密实型水泥稳定碎石和骨架空隙型水泥稳定碎石进行干缩试验及温缩试验,运用Origin对试验数据进行回归拟合,总结半刚性基层材料的变形规律,从而提高沥青路面的耐久性。结果表明：对比结构类型不同的水泥碎石材料可知,骨架空隙型干缩系数0~7 d增大了2倍,后续干缩系数增幅趋于缓和,在水泥用量相同时,骨架空隙型干燥收缩程度最低,即骨架空隙型结构水泥可有效降低水稳基层开裂;水泥稳定砂砾中,随着水泥用量的增加;各个温度段的温缩变形逐渐增大,并且在高温区50~60℃段温缩变形最大,随着温度降低变形量变小,0~10℃段温缩变形最小;同种水泥剂量、水泥标号中,骨架空隙型平均温缩系数最小,悬浮密实型最大,骨架密实型居中。相同级配、相同水泥剂量的水泥稳定砂砾中,42.5水泥试件平均温缩系数大于32.5水泥试件平均温缩系数。     

水分对米槠天然林土壤有机碳矿化和微生物群落的影响

通过室内设置30%~80%WHC(Water holding capacity,土壤持水量,WHC)土壤含水量水平,研究土壤含水量变化对亚热带米槠天然林土壤有机碳矿化和微生物群落的影响。试验包括3种处理,处理1:干湿交替处理(30%~80%WHC交替);处理2:恒干处理(30%WHC);处理3:恒湿处理(80%WHC)。研究结果表明:1)整个培养过程,CO2排放速率均呈现波动式下降。湿润期CO2累积量显著高于干旱期CO2累积量,并且随着交替次数的增加,湿润期与干旱期CO2累积值之差逐渐增大。2)采用因子分析法得出干湿交替并不影响土壤真菌和革兰氏阳性菌群落结构,但对土壤放线菌和革兰氏阴性菌的群落有较大影响。     

山东灵山岛莱阳群水下非构造裂缝特征及意义

收缩裂缝在前寒武纪到显生宙各个地质时代都有发现,其成因一直存在争议。作者在灵山岛莱阳群泥岩和砂岩中都发现了大量的非构造裂缝,除了收缩裂缝外还有应力脆性裂缝和混合裂缝。这些裂缝通常在单层内发育,极少量延伸到邻层,具有多形态、多尺度、多充填方式、多期次和多级别的特征,与干燥泥裂和后期构造裂缝区别明显,结合地层中无暴露标志,认为是在水下环境形成。总结水下裂缝的关键特征并对比Pratt提出的地震收缩裂缝特征,推测灵山岛裂缝亦是地震触发而形成。灵山岛已经识别出了大量地震成因的软沉积变形构造,证明当时本区域地震活动频繁,具有裂缝地震成因的要素。前人总结收缩裂缝特点发现裂陷盆地明显多于被动大陆边缘挤压盆地,作者认为收缩裂缝在裂陷盆地拉张环境下容易形成和保存。灵山岛裂缝解释为水下环境地震成因具有更多的地质意义:可以解决沉积时水体深度问题;记录了古地震能量与频次,有效反映古地震的节律;是灵山岛莱阳群属于裂陷盆地沉积的有利证据。     

倾斜摄影实景三维建模的孔洞修复方法

针对倾斜摄影测量构建实景三维过程的孔洞问题,本文提出了一种可以实现孔洞自动修复的方法。首先通过边界收缩方法,编制处理程序,利用倾斜摄影测量空三处理成果,实现实景三维模型孔洞自动修复。然后利用实际的无人机倾斜摄影实景三维建模项目,采用孔洞修复试验处理,验证了孔洞自动修复方法的可行性,孔洞修复处理后模型仍具有较高精度。