3D打印技术在岩石物理力学试验中的应用

3D打印技术在岩土工程领域的应用还处于初步探索阶段,但其可重复制造含复杂内部结构的试样是常规室内试验无法实现的。现阶段制约3D打印技术在岩石物理力学试验中应用的主要因素在于3D打印试样强度偏低,延性较强。初步探讨了3D打印后干燥时间、打印胶水浓度对试样强度的影响,在此基础上提出了最优化打印方案,使打印试样在强度和脆性方面均有很大提升;通过改变打印方向模拟了天然层状节理岩石的各向异性特征。研究结果表明,随着打印倾斜角度的增加,3D打印试样的单轴抗压强度先减小后增大,呈"U"型变化趋势,抗拉强度也随打印方向的改变出现明显的各向异性特征,这与天然层状节理岩石相关研究成果相似。研究成果可为3D打印技术在岩土工程领域的推广和室内试验研究提供参考。     

膨胀土干缩变形特性试验研究

膨胀土是一种典型的问题性土,对气候变化非常敏感,在干旱气候条件下,极易发生体积收缩变形,引发各种工 程地质问题。为了研究膨胀土的干缩变形特性,开展了一系列室内干燥试验,测定了膨胀土的收缩特征曲线,重点分析 了初始含水率和干密度对干缩变形过程的影响,并进一步探讨了水泥固化抑制膨胀土干缩变形的效果和机理。结果表 明：（1） 膨胀土的干缩变形过程存在三个典型阶段：正常收缩、残余收缩和零收缩;（2） 初始含水率越高,试样蒸发速 率越快,且干缩变形完全后试样孔隙比越小而最终收缩应变越大,干缩变形越明显;（3） 初始干密度越大,试样蒸发速 率和最终体积收缩应变越小,提高初始干密度对试样干缩变形具有一定的抑制作用;（4） 在膨胀土中掺入适量的水泥能 显著降低试样的体积收缩应变,对干缩变形具有良好的抑制效果;（5） 膨胀土的干缩变形具有明显的各向异性特征,并 且与初始状态有关。     

城镇增长下的收缩：以武汉为例

首先从人口、经济、用地3个维度综合考察武汉市增长与收缩的全貌，并采用县区及街道2个尺度的数据定量描述了武汉市增长与收缩的特征与空间格局，发现武汉市下辖青山区、硚口区、汉阳区和蔡甸区存在局部较严重的收缩现象，空间上形成集聚，形态上呈“穿孔式”。进一步以青山区为案例，着重从资本视角探讨发生局部收缩的内在机制，发现其存在老龄化、少子化趋势，但局部收缩的主因是资本从产业部门的“逃逸”。     

Drying increases organic colloidal mobilization in the karst vadose zone: Evidence from a 15-year cave-monitoring study

Understanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid-facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15-year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid-facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.     

Comprehensive study of the drying behavior of Boom clay: Experimental investigation and numerical modeling

This paper presents a thermo‐hydro‐mechanical framework to model the drying behavior of Boom clay. First, the experimental campaign conducted Noémie Prime is briefly presented because it is used to validate the model. The data acquisition and processing is emphasized because of the use of X‐ray microtomography to be able to more accurately compare experimental and numerical strain fields. The different submodels are introduced. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the capability of the proposed model to reproduce the observed behavior. Finally, a comprehensive sensitivity study on several key model parameters associated with the water retention curve, and the permeability of the medium, is performed to get a better understanding of the physics behind the coupled model.     

收缩情境下城市用地结构时空格局演变及动力机制——以中国东北地区为例

构建城市用地结构时空格局演变分析框架,引入信息熵和偏移份额模型定量剖析2000—2017年中国东北地区城市用地结构时空格局演变特征,通过计量经济模型分阶段对比分析收缩情境下东北地区城市用地结构演变的动力机制。结果表明：东北地区城市用地总面积持续增长,用地结构信息熵整体呈现先上升、后下降的趋势。2011年以后,城市用地结构有序性、多样性不断提升,单一优势地类主导作用显著下降。公共设施用地、道路交通用地及绿地与广场用地为增长型地类,是东北地区城市用地规模扩张和结构演变的主要动因。用地结构竞争性偏移量具有显著的空间非均衡性,总体与辽中南和哈长两大城市群空间格局基本吻合,新增城市用地的集聚效应不断凸显。城市人口规模变迁、城市经济发展水平提升、产业结构升级与城市居住条件改善对城市用地结构演变具有显著的正向驱动作用。收缩情境下,各因素的拉动作用逐渐减弱,国家宏观政策的约束力不断增强,城市公共服务水平改善的强需求成为驱动用地结构演变的外在动力。     

Swelling–shrinkage properties and soil improvement of compacted expansive soil, Ning-Liang Highway, China

In this paper, the swelling–shrinkage properties of the compacted expansive soil in the Huaiyin Section of the Ning-Lian Highway are introduced, and swelling–shrinkage mechanisms are discussed based on changes in soil water content, dry density, material composition and fabric. The improvement of the compacted expansive soil by lime is also discussed briefly. It is concluded that careful attention should be paid to this type of compacted expansive soil.     

三峡水库蓄水前后长江中下游流量频率分布特征及其对洪水造床作用的影响

三峡水库蓄水前后长江中下游流量特征变化及其对造床作用的影响一直受到学者的关注.采用枝城等6个水文站日均流量资料,分别统计了各站流量的经验频率分布,检验了8种概率密度函数的适用性,并讨论了三峡水库蓄水前后流量频率分布特征与造床流量的关系.研究表明:长江中下游干流洪中枯各级流量的频率分布具有分段特性,无法用皮尔逊Ⅲ型或对数...     

硫酸盐渍土含水率单次递减条件下的盐胀特性

为探究硫酸盐渍土在含水率递减下的盐胀特性,通过自主设计的试验装置,在室内开展了11组含水率单次递减下的盐胀试验,共历时2 868 h。结果表明：在含水率单次递减下硫酸盐渍土的起胀含盐量约为1.2%。含盐量<1.2%时,土体干缩,干缩量与含盐量近似呈下凸的二次抛物线规律,且干缩峰值含盐量约为0.5%;含盐量≥1.2%时,土体膨胀,且盐胀率与含盐量近似呈线性增大规律。盐胀敏感含水率区间受含盐量影响很小,含盐量从1.5%增至4.0%,盐胀敏感含水率区间基本稳定。此外,含水率递减速率与含盐量呈负相关规律,同一含盐量的硫酸盐渍土,其含水率的递减速率随含水率的降低亦减慢。基于以上试验结果,进一步开展了4组单次降温下的盐胀对比试验,结果表明：含盐量升高时,起胀温度区间逐渐升高,盐胀敏感温度区间的区间范围逐渐扩大。单次降温下的盐胀率均高于含水率单次递减下的盐胀率,且随着含盐量的升高两试验条件下的盐胀率差值趋于一常数。研究结果对西北地区高含盐量的残余型硫酸盐渍土地基的盐胀性评价具有重要指导意义。     

新型城市污泥固化土工程特性及微观机理

通过污泥固化技术可以将城市污泥转化为一种新型城市污泥固化土。为了研究污泥固化土工程特性,对新型城市污泥固化土进行无侧限强度试验、收缩特性试验、浸出毒性试验以及X射线衍射试验与微观结构测试。试验结果表明,城市污泥固化土无侧限抗压强度随期龄增加而增长,28 d后基本稳定;新型城市污泥固化土的线缩率随龄期的增大而增大,且28 d后趋于稳定值;与消化后城市污泥相比,城市污泥固化土中的浸出毒性明显减少,重金属浸出量均符合国家规范要求。消化城市污泥衍射峰中氢氧化钙峰值很高,但随着养护期龄的增长,城市污泥固化土中氢氧化钙的衍射峰值减小,碳酸钙的衍射峰值增大,说明固化土各成分反应越充分,强度越高。微结构测试研究表明,污泥固化土SEM图像中有大量的纤维状物质联结着土颗粒和颗粒团块,形成土骨架纤维的交互空间结构,提高了土体强度。