冲积扇研究现状及沉积模拟实验--以碎屑流和辫状河共同控制的冲积扇为例

近年来,对冲积扇复杂沉积机制与沉积过程的研究受到关注,取得了较大进展。从冲积扇的分类及其沉积特点、冲积扇沉积储层构型表征方法及冲积扇沉积机制等方面对冲积扇研究现状进行了详细综述。之后,针对碎屑流与辫状河共同控制下冲积扇水道演化机制不明的情况,利用水槽沉积模拟对冲积扇过程进行了沉积实验模拟。研究表明,冲积扇具有多种分类方案,反映了冲积扇的多样性和复杂性;冲积扇表征技术主要有现代沉积、野外露头、地下密井网解剖和水槽沉积实验模拟等方法;控制冲积扇发育的异旋回因素主要有:构造差异活动、同生断层的组合样式及物源气候的变化等;自旋回因素控制下冲积扇存在多种沉积机制,其决定了冲积扇内部构型单元的分布。通过水槽沉积模拟实验研究发现,对碎屑流与辫状河共同控制下冲积扇沉积过程具有如下特点:①在扇体初始雏形形成后,水携沉积物具有向扇面低势部位堆积的趋势;②扇面辫状水道存在两种重要的迁移方式,单一主水道迁移和分叉式次水道迁移方式。单一主水道的迁移是导致扇体辐向前积增大的主要原因,而分叉式次水道迁移方式是扇体展宽的重要机制;③在构造条件相对稳定的情况下,多期扇体具有明显向源退积的特征。在前述研究基础上,探讨了下一步冲积扇的研究方向。     

中国能源沉积学研究进展与发展战略思考

沉积学发展与石油、天然气、煤炭、砂岩型铀矿等矿产资源工业化开采紧密相关,能源沉积学作为沉积学的一个重要应用分支学科,在资源勘探发现中的地位越来越重要,已经成为有效发现资源、降低成本的重要途径。近年来,能源沉积学在技术方法上建立了遥感、雷达、地震、纳米CT等六个级别尺度研究方法,为沉积储层学科发展提供支撑。在理论认识上取得了五方面重要进展:1）建立了克拉通台地沉积储层新模式,为古老含油气系统提供理论指导;2）建立海陆相细粒沉积成因模式,揭示富有机质页岩分布规律,为烃源岩评价与非常规油气勘探开发提供重要理论依据;3）发现非常规致密储集层微纳米级孔喉系统,指导致密油气和页岩油气储层评价;4）研究含煤沉积体系和聚煤作用,指导煤炭资源评价;5）揭示砂岩型铀矿富集机理,指导铀矿资源评价与开采。展望能源沉积学发展,源-渠-汇沉积体系、海陆相细粒沉积学、古老小克拉通碳酸盐岩沉积学等将成为能源沉积学的重要内容;储层非均质性、非常规储层全面表征与深部储层极限将是储层沉积学发展的热点,砂岩型铀矿、煤系等沉积系统是固体矿产沉积研究的重点领域;气、液、固不同能源矿藏空间有序沉积与共生规律研究是资源勘探重点方向;大数据与沉积学方法创新将为能源沉积学发展提供新机遇。     

Late Miocene fluvial sediment transport from the southern Appalachian Mountains to southern Florida: An example of an old mountain belt sediment production surge

Past geomorphological models assume that erosion of sediments from old mountain belts occurred at a relatively constant rate, based on comparatively uniform isostatic adjustment caused by unloading. Late Miocene strata of the south‐eastern United States provide an example of pulsed tectonism resulting in a surge in siliciclastic sediment production and transport. Regional tectonism (uplift of the southern Appalachian Mountains) and climatic conditions during the Late Miocene resulted in the long‐distance (up to 1000 km) fluvial transport of coarse siliciclastic sediments onto a stable carbonate platform in southern Florida. The sediments are unusual in that they are significantly coarser than marine‐transported sands in southern Florida, with discoidal quartz and quartzite clasts up to 40 mm in diameter locally present, and have relatively high potassium feldspar contents (up to 16% in some sample fractions), whereas feldspar is rare in modern Florida beach sands. It is suggested that previously documented rejuvenation of the southern Appalachian Mountains during the Middle to Late Miocene time, coupled with the Messenian sea‐level low, generated the increased rate of sediment production and necessary hydraulic gradient to allow rapid transport of coarse sediments. Tectonic influence on the river pathway in Florida, as well as in the southern Appalachian Mountains, may have maintained the river on the narrow carbonate platform. The Florida Platform during the Late Miocene must also have had a sufficiently wet climate to cause episodic transport of the coarse sediments. Siliciclastic sediment transport on the Florida Platform during the Late Miocene greatly differed from Pleistocene to modern conditions, which are dominated by the transport of fine‐grained sands by longshore marine processes.     

Upstream control of river anastomosis by sediment overloading,upper Columbia River,British Columbia,Canada

Anastomosing rivers, systems of multiple interconnected channels that enclose floodbasins, constitute a major category of rivers for which various sedimentary facies models have been developed. While the sedimentary products of anastomosing rivers are relatively well‐known, their genesis is still debated. A rapidly growing number of ancient alluvial successions being interpreted as of anastomosing river origin, including important hydrocarbon reservoirs, urge the development of robust models for the genesis of anastomosis, to facilitate better interpretation of ancient depositional settings and controls. The upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada, is the most‐studied anastomosing river and has played a key role in the development of an anastomosing river facies model. Two hypotheses for the origin of upper Columbia River anastomosis include the following: (i) downstream control by aggrading cross‐valley alluvial fans; and (ii) upstream control by excessive bedload input from tributaries. Both upstream and downstream control may force aggradation and avulsions in the upper Columbia River. In order to test both hypotheses, long‐term (millennia‐scale) floodplain sedimentation rates and avulsion frequencies are calculated using ¹⁴C‐dated deeply buried organic floodplain material from cross‐valley borehole transects. The results indicate a downstream decrease in floodplain sedimentation rate and avulsion frequency along the anastomosed reach, which is consistent with dominant upstream control by sediment overloading. The data here link recent avulsion activity to increased sediment supply during the Little Ice Age (ca 1100 to 1950 ad ). This link is supported by data showing that sediment supply to the upper Columbia study reach fluctuated in response to Holocene glacial advances and retreats in the hinterland. Upstream control of anastomosis has considerable implications for the reconstruction of the setting of interpreted ancient anastomosing systems. The present research underscores that anastomosing systems typically occur in relatively proximal settings with abundant sediment supplied to low‐gradient floodplains, a situation commonly found in intermontane and foreland basins.     

循环加载方向角对饱和粉土不排水动力特性的影响

利用GDS空心圆柱仪进行了一系列主应力方向角?d变化的轴向、扭转、内压和外压四向耦合不排水循环剪切试验。在均等固结条件下,着重研究了循环加载方向角?d0对饱和粉土动力特性的影响。试验结果表明：饱和粉土的双规准化孔压发展模式与?d0无关,但受循环应力比CSR的影响;广义剪应变的发展模式不受?d0的影响。在循环剪切过程中,循环加载方向的变化对粉土的不排水动强度有显著影响,饱和粉土的动强度CRR随着?d0的增大呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,且当?d0=45°时CRR最小。同时,建立了反映?d0与CSR影响的孔压、变形的模型,并给出了相应的动强度表达式。     

循环荷载作用下纤维水泥土动力特性

通过动三轴试验,研究水泥土中掺入不同掺量的聚丙烯纤维和玄武岩纤维条件下,其动应力 、动弹性模量 随动应变的变化规律。试验结果表明：水泥土的动强度和动弹性模量与围压、掺入纤维的种类和纤维掺量有关;随着纤维掺量的增多,水泥土的动强度和动弹性模量增大,动变形减小。从滞回曲线和微观的角度分析,掺入玄武岩纤维的水泥土动力性能最好,聚丙烯纤维水泥土次之,素水泥土（无纤维）较弱;最大动弹性模量 随着围压和纤维掺量的增大而增大。玄武岩纤维水泥土在不同围压下的 归一化曲线相互聚拢,表明 对围压的依赖程度降低。     

主应力轴旋转下K0固结饱和粉质黏土孔压及变形特性试验研究

主应力旋转将加速孔压和塑性应变的累积,影响土体的力学特性。为研究主应力轴循环旋转对 固结饱和粉质黏土孔压和变形的影响,利用GDS-HCA试验系统开展了不同应力路径的 固结饱和粉质黏土不排水循环三轴试验和循环扭剪试验,研究了主应力轴循环旋转对 固结饱和粉质黏土累积塑性应变、孔压等动力特性的影响。结果表明：动剪应力幅值、心形应力路径所包围的面积、循环偏应力幅值等均随循环剪应力比和循环动应力比的增大而增大。试样未发生破坏时, 固结饱和粉质黏土的孔压比随着振动荷载作用次数的增加而增大;当试样发生破坏时,孔隙压力迅速消散,孔压比急剧下降。循环扭剪试验时试件产生的轴向累积塑性应变始终大于循环三轴试验产生的累积塑性应变,说明主应力轴循环旋转会加速试件轴向应变的累积。试件的累积塑性应变随循环剪应力比和循环动应力比的增大而增大。循环动应力比越大时,主应力轴旋转造成的轴向累积塑性应变差异越显著。在Monismith幂次函数模型的基础上,建立了主应力轴循环旋转条件时K0固结饱和粉质黏土累积塑性应变方程,并对模型的可靠性进行了分析和验证。     

软黏土中吸力锚循环失稳过程的模型试验

开展了张紧式吸力锚在侧壁最优系泊点处遭受平均荷载和循环荷载共同作用下的模型试验,着重研究了软黏土中吸力锚在等幅及变幅循环荷载下的变形失稳过程。研究发现,循环累积位移过大是锚发生破坏的主要原因。对于等幅循环加载试验,由于竖向附加荷重的施加,锚在水平向的循环累积位移要明显大于竖向,表现为明显的水平破坏模式。在特定的平均荷载水平下,循环荷载水平越高,锚的累积位移发展得越快,达到破坏所需的循环次数就越少。循环位移随循环次数的增长变化不明显,但随循环荷载水平的增大而增大。对于变幅循环加载试验,系泊点各方向的循环累积位移与循环位移均与循环荷载水平成正比。不同的循环加载时程下,锚的竖向累积位移均比水平累积位移大,表现为偏向于竖向破坏的中间破坏模式。锚前期的循环加载历史对后续加载产生的累积变形有明显影响。与静力加载相比,循环加载时锚的运动方向角有所增大,这可能是由于锚底孔压的累积要大于锚侧孔压的累积,从有效应力的角度分析,锚底有效应力的减少相对锚侧明显,进而使得锚竖向承载力减小得更多,导致锚的竖向运动更明显。     

大横路式钴(铜)矿床地质特征及成因探讨

大横路式钴(铜)矿床产于辽吉古元古代裂谷增生地体内,是国内新近发现的新类型钴矿床,其矿化特征独特、埋藏浅、规模大,具有较高潜在经济价值.矿床赋存于老岭群富硼、碳粘土岩夹硅质岩建造之中,矿体呈层状、似层状、鞍状产出,产状与围岩一致;矿石中金属矿物以硫化物、砷化物形式存在,钴以硫钴镍矿、辉砷钴矿、方钴矿和含钴黄铁矿等形式与黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿等共生.通过对矿床地质、地球化学特征和流体特征研究,证明该矿床既具有明显的热水沉积成因特征,又受后期变质热液的强烈叠加,属海底热水沉积-变质热液叠加改造型矿床.     

沼泽湿地重金属元素输入的历史变化

本研究主要目的是判断是否能够通过无尾河下游湿地沉积记录重建重金属输入历史.冬季在向海两处沼泽采集了代表一定范围汇水区与人类活动影响的沉积芯.沉积芯由137Cs、210Pb法定年,由原子吸收光谱法测定重金属,并根据沉积速率和重金属含量计算重金属沉积通量.通过对向海沼泽湿地沉积柱样的重金属元素沉积通量研究,揭示了该沼泽近百年来,特别是近20年来重金属污染物的沉积特征与变化.污染物的沉积通量较沉积物含量更能记录污染历史变化:1980年以后,Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cr和Pb等的人类活动影响产生的输入量已超过自然输入量(1.20～3.67),表明近年来流域内人类扰动的增强;Zn(13.3～14.8)和Pb(11.7～15.2)较高的标准偏差指示其受河流沉积影响而历史变率较大.向海沼泽湿地重金属污染物可分为3个沉积历史阶段,其与流域土地开垦和大型露天煤矿的开发历程具有较好的对应关系.