MAGNETOTELLURIC SOUNDING AND LATERAL INHOMOGENEITIES IN THE LITHOSPHERE

ABSTRACT

Libyan Desert Glass (LDG), rediscovered in modern times in 1932, is an ultrahigh-temperature glass composed of nearly pure SiO₂. LDG is found as surface float in Egypt’s Libyan (Western) Desert, its strewnfield defined by the intersection of major faults. Extra-terrestrial components are present in LDG but there is no associated impact crater. LDG is not an impactite, nor do pieces exhibit aerodynamic forms. Extremely viscous silica remained hot long enough to flow several centimetres. Additional constraints on the origin of LDG are imposed by exotic materials found nearby: a dark 30-gram granular micro-diamond mass, mullite-magnetite-silica glass rocks with micro-diamonds, lumps of fine-grained magnetite, titanium filaments, titanium nitride, titanium aluminide, aluminium oxycarbonitride, phosphides, silver, zirconium, zinc, carbonaceous grains, and metal grains coated with carbonaceous materials. The region is underlain by 500–3000 m of flat-lying sandstone composed of quartz grains and little else. To account for LDG and the other unusual materials and nearby outgassing vents, serpentinization is evoked. Products of this complex low-temperature crustal process include serpentine, magnetite, aqueous silica, and great quantities of hydrogen. The hydrogen, produced in Basement rocks beneath the sandstones, may have risen along faults, passing around grains of quartz (with which it does not react) until slowed by tight conditions, perhaps self-sealed by silica produced during serpentinization. Columns of quartz hundreds or thousands of metres high with intergranular spaces filled with H₂ (±CH₄) may have been established with some hydrogen leaking into the surface domain while still more was produced at depth. Disturbance by occasional impacts or airbursts, large or small, would violently release great columns of pressurized hydrogen, which, ignited, would burn until exhaustion. Such sustained heating events could be repeated. Exotic products might come from materials formed cold in the outer solar system, transformed in a great flickering flame with temperatures perhaps exceeding 1800°C.     

地层温度对油气运、聚影响的系统分析

地层温、压是油气成藏环境的能量参数,影响着油气从生成、运聚、调整,直至逸散的整个过程。前人研究多注重温度对油气生成、压力对油气运移的控制作用,对温度在油气运移、聚集中的作用还没有系统的研究。作者通过对油气运移、聚集过程中所发生的物理、化学及物理化学作用分析,明确了地层温度在其中所起的作用。对油气运移,一方面,地层温度非均匀变化引起的热应力,可以直接为油气运移提供驱动力;另一方面,地层温度通过改变分子粘度、表面张力、溶解度等物性参数影响油气运移能力。对于油气聚集,地层温度(和地层压力等)不仅影响和制约油气的分布位置,还通过控制有机质演化进程、影响烃类流体相态分异,来影响油气的聚集特征。最后还对地层温度控藏中存在的问题进行了探讨,认为地层温度与地层压力、构造应力等因素存在一定内在联系并共同控制油气成藏,在分析地层温度对各成藏阶段的影响时应恢复相应时期的地温场。     

利用包裹体中气体地球化学特征与源岩生气模拟实验探讨鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田天然气来源

鄂尔多斯盆地上、下古生界地层包裹体气体与气藏中气体地球化学性质对比表明:上古生界气藏中气体与包裹体中气体地球化学性质相似,气藏中气体的地球化学性质能代表成藏初期气体的原始特征;而下古生界气藏中气体与包裹体中气体的地球化学性质差别很大,下古生界气藏中的气体与下古生界源岩模拟生成气体也有非常大的差别。因此,下古生界气藏中的气体不能代表来自下古生界源岩产生天然气。结合前人关于奥陶系源岩的模拟生成天然气、包裹体中气体以及靖边气田天然气的地球化学特征,提出来源于奥陶系的天然气应具有δ¹³C₁<-38‰、δ¹³C₂<-28‰的特征。下古生界地层包裹体中气体与气藏中气体地球化学性质对比表明,下古生界气田天然气乙烷碳同位素的变化范围也比甲烷碳同位素的变化范围大很多,乙烷碳同位素不适合作为判断靖边气田天然气来源的标准。在此基础上,以上古生界天然气甲烷碳同位素的平均值(-32.90‰)与下古生界δ¹³C₁<-38‰天然气甲烷碳同位素的平均值(-39.04‰)分别作为上、下古生界来源天然气甲烷碳同位素的界限值,通过简单计算认为靖边气田大约85%的天然气来源于上古生界煤系。     

塔里木盆地迪那2大型凝析气田的地质特征及其成藏机制

塔里木盆地库车坳陷迪那2凝析气田是中国目前发现的储量规模最大的凝析气田,含气层位为古近系苏维依组与库姆格列木群;储集岩以粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,属于低孔低渗储层,近似于致密砂岩气.气藏储量丰度大于15亿方/km2,气油比为8100～12948m3/m3,凝析油含量60～80g/m3;储层温度129 ～ 138℃,地温梯度为2.224℃/1OOm;地层压力为105 ～106MPa,压力梯度为0.39MPa/1OOm,压力系数为2.06～2.29,属于常温超高压凝析气藏.天然气以湿气为主,碳同位素较重,属于典型的煤成气;原油碳同位素较重,生物标志化合物体显出陆相油特征.研究认为,油气主要来自阳霞凹陷侏罗系煤系烃源岩;圈闭形成时间较晚,根据热史、埋藏史、烃源岩热演化史、流体包裹体等资料以及天然气碳同位素动力学拟合的油气充注成藏时间都表明,迪那2凝析气田的成藏时间是在2.5Ma以来,是一个典型的晚期快速充注成藏的大型凝析气田.晚期前陆逆冲挤压作用在形成超压的同时,发生了储层的致密化和烃类的充注,储层致密化过程与烃类充注同步.     

中国古亚洲域沉积盆地火山岩油气藏储层特征比较及其差异分析

在中国古亚洲域沉积盆地火山岩储层母岩年代和岩性、储集空间类型以及火山岩岩相综合分析的基础上,探讨了火山岩油气藏的储层特征及其差异性。研究表明,中国古亚洲域火山岩储层的母岩发育年代西早东晚,西部的准噶尔、三塘湖和吐哈盆地发育晚古生代海相、海陆交互相的中基性安山岩、玄武岩及火山碎屑岩;东部的松辽、二连和海拉尔盆地发育中生代陆相中酸性流纹岩、安山岩。火山岩原生储集空间包括气孔、孔洞以及冷凝收缩裂缝等;次生储集空间包括各种溶蚀孔及构造裂缝、风化裂缝等。火山岩岩相可分喷出相、火山通道相、次火山相和火山沉积相。其中中基性岩类多以溢流相开始,相序类型为溢流相、爆发相/火山沉积相;中酸性岩类多以爆发相或火山通道相发端,主要相序为爆发相、溢流相/侵出相。溢流相一般发育原生气孔、构造缝;爆发相多为粒间孔,而侵出相以角砾间孔和原生裂缝为主。火山岩储层的差异受多因素影响,包括岩性岩相、喷发环境以及后期构造、成岩作用等。前者奠定火山岩储层形成与分布的基础和储集空间的发育程度;后者则改造储层的储渗性能。     

辽河滩海地区古近系层序地层特征及控砂、控藏作用

运用层序地层学原理,对辽河研究区滩海地区古近系主要构造沉积旋回和关键层序界面特征进行分析,划分出4个二级层序和11个三级层序。结果显示:古近系层序的发育特征主要受构造活动的性质、强度及沉积旋回控制,二级层序界面为构造格局、沉积环境转换界面,控制沉积体系和相类型;三级层序界面为层序叠加样式或沉积环境转换面,控制层序内的体系域特征和演化。平面上,砂体分布受古地貌、坡折带性质和规模控制;纵向上,砂体发育受不同级次的沉积旋回或体系域控制。储盖组合分析,表明,二级层序和最大区域湖泛面控制成藏组合,三级层序及体系域控制油气层纵向分布。     

非地震方法在内蒙古地区乌兰盖盆地的应用

乌兰盖盆地属于松辽外围中新生代火山岩覆盖区,利用重力、磁力和大地电磁测深等非地震物探方法调查潜在沉积盆地分布和构造格架,为油气资源潜力评价提供依据。在充分研究盆地岩石地层物性特征的基础上,根据重、磁、电各方法的优势,采用互约束反演技术,开展综合研究,解释推断了盆地白垩系巴彦花群、侏罗系地层的分布形态及构造格架,指出乌兰盖断陷盆地具有很好的找油气前景。     

含有不整合面的钻井剖面中酸解烃的垂向分布规律

系统测量了不同时代、不同埋深的不整合面钻井剖面中酸解烃的分布,发现不整合面之下发育有总烃、甲烷浓度低而大分子烃类相对富集的烃类异常带,分析认为此异常带是风化脱气作用形成的脱气带,其厚度与下伏地层成岩程度有关。该发现对评价含油气盆地剥蚀与气藏保存、破坏的关系,不整合面对油气运聚的影响等有重要意义,也为解决剥蚀量恢复问题提供了新的科学线索。     

广东中山地区土壤氡浓度填图研究

为了研究区域土壤氡填图的方法,利用RAD7电子测氡仪和RADON-JOK土壤气体渗透率仪在广东省中山市进行了面积为1 800 km2的测量工作,有效测点数为67个。中山市的平均土壤氡浓度为(100.41±154.64)kBq/m3;最大值和最小值分别为0.74 kBq/m3和1 199.24 kBq/m3。土壤气体渗透率测量结果表明,在风化花岗岩地区,高渗透率和中渗透率占优势;而第四纪沉积物地区大部分土壤气体渗透率较低。基于此,结合研究区土壤氡浓度和土壤气体渗透率,对研究区土壤氡风险进行了分级评价。为土壤氡风险分级的方法研究提供了有参考价值的研究实例。     

Control Factors and Diversities of Phase State of Oil and Gas Pools in the Kuqa Petroleum System

Based on the analysis of the hydrocarbon geochemical characteristics in the Kuqa petroleum system of the Tarim Basin, this study discusses the causes and controlling factors of the phase diversities and their differences in geochemical features. According to the characteristics and differences in oil and gas phase, the petroleum system can be divided into five categories: oil reservoir, wet gas reservoir, condensate gas-rich reservoir, condensate gas-poor reservoir and dry gas reservoir. The causes for the diversities in oil and gas phases include diversities of the sources of parent material, maturity of natural gas and the process of hydrocarbon accumulation of different hydrocarbon phases. On the whole, the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial source rocks are the main sources for the hydrocarbon in the Kuqa Depression. The small differences in parent material may cause diversities in oil and gas amount, but the impact is small. The differences in oil and gas phase are mainly affected by maturity and the accumulation process, which closely relates with each other. Oil and gas at different thermal evolution stage can be captured in different accumulation process.