中国西北地区北部蚀源区铀含量特征及其地质、成矿意义

中国西北地区北部主要盆地蚀源区包括银额盆地周缘、北山盆地群周缘、三塘湖盆地周缘、准噶尔盆地周缘,主体位于中亚构造域中西部南缘(部)或与之毗邻区。通过对研究区1 416件中性、酸性及碱性岩浆岩样品的年龄和铀含量数据进行分区统计处理,计算其在地史上的铀迁移量和古铀含量,结果显示,研究区岩浆活动主要发生在早石炭世-早三叠世(349~248 Ma),其次在中奥陶世-早泥盆世(470~396 Ma)。这分别与古亚洲洋开始俯冲消减(O2S1)和最终关闭、中亚-蒙古碰撞褶皱带形成(C-T1)的大地构造演化阶段及重大事件相对应。各区富铀岩石主要形成于早石炭世-早三叠世(334~250 Ma),其与晚古生代岩浆活动具有时间上的一致性。在地域上, 两者有从西向东时代变新的趋势。这亦与古亚洲洋关闭、中亚构造域形成西早东晚的演化特征相一致。各蚀源区岩石的铀含量不尽相同,综合对比和评价表明：北山柳园区、准噶尔盆地东北缘阿勒泰-蕴都地区和东南部清河地区岩石铀含量与宗乃山区铀含量相当或更富;准噶尔盆地东北缘卡拉麦里区岩石铀含量偏富;银额盆地南缘雅布赖山、巴彦诺日公及庆格勒地区及其北部的沙拉扎山区,北山盐滩及马鬃山区,三塘湖盆地周缘,以及准噶尔盆地东北缘的阿勒泰西北区和西缘的北部区铀含量中等;其他地区铀含量相对较贫。研究区现今富铀蚀源区的大部地区,在晚三叠世开始隆升,此后进一步发展,为邻近中新生代盆地提供了丰富的沉积物和铀物质,成为相邻中新生代陆相盆地砂岩型、煤岩型及泥岩型铀矿床的主要成矿物质来源;盆内深部烃源岩层富含铀元素,可降低烃源岩的生烃门限温度并增加烃源岩生烃总量,具有重要的地质、成矿意义。     

遥感技术在郯庐断裂及邻近地区金矿地质调查中的应用

本文提出了郯庐古岛弧-新裂谷式控矿构造系统及"等结性"金矿成矿集中区的新认识，将混合热液型金矿成矿机制概括为"递进叠加三合（和）式"成矿模式，并总结出"六位一体"的遥感地质综合找矿模式，为成矿预测提供了重要依据。文中提出了三类金矿预测区：①第一类，5个金矿成矿区；②第二类，5个金矿远景区；③第三类，4个找矿靶区。     

北祁连造山带东段白银地区的构造单元划分及韧性变形

北祁连造山带东段的白银地区可划分出四个构造单元（Ｂ１、Ｂ２、Ｂ３和Ｂ４）：Ｂ１属于中宫变质地块，Ｂ２为古祁洋在俯冲过程中形成的增生杂岩，Ｂ３属于加里东期的古火山岛弧Ｂ４为弧后残余海盆。本区存在两期韧性变形，和线期韧性变形以形成近垂直于造山带的ＮＥ－ＳＷ向拉伸线理为特征，剪切标志显示其主要为一系列从Ｎ－Ｓ的逆冲叠覆构造２，与古祁连洋向北的俯冲作用有关，第二期韧性变形形成四条韧性平移剪切带（ＳＺ１、Ｓ     

Volcanology,history and myths of the Lake Albano maar (Colli Albani volcano,Italy)

The polygenetic Albano maar is the most recent centre of the Colli Albani volcano, located just few kilometres to the south-east of Roma. Presently the maar hosts a 167.5 m deep crater lake, the deepest in Europe. The maar is to be considered quiescent, as phreatic activity is documented throughout the Holocene. This paper illustrates the close relationships between the activity of the maar and the history of settlement in the Roman region as recorded in the geology, archaeology, history and legends of the area. Severe fluctuations of the groundwater table and catastrophic overflows of the Lake Albano from the maar rim had occurred prior to and after the early prehistoric settlements dated in the maar area at the Eneolithic times (ca. III millennium B.C.). Repeated lahars occurred along the northwestern slope of the maar filling in the paleodrainage network and forming a vast plain. Paleohydraulic analyses on fluvial and lahar deposits originated from the Holocene phreatic activity of the Albano maar indicate sediment–water flows in excess of hundreds of cubic metres per second. Absolute age determinations of the paleosoil underlying one of the most recent deposits of the lahar succession at 5800 ± 100 yr B.P. (¹⁴C CAL) are in perfect agreement with the age of the overlying Eneolithic age settlements. The last catastrophic overflow is described in the Roman literature as a consequence of the anger of Poseidon against the Romans in 398 B.C. for their war against the Etruscans. In 394 B.C. the Romans decided to prevent the repetition of such events by the excavation through the maar crater wall of a 1.5 km long drain tunnel, which is still operational, keeping the lake 70 m below the lowest point of the maar rim. This tunnel drain may be regarded as the first prevention device for volcanic hazard in history and shows an unprecedented development of the engineering technology under the pressure of hazard perception. The surprising and still largely unknown results of this study are very important to redefine the hazard of the Roman region.     

Ancient dams,settlement archaeology and Buddhist propagation in central India: the hydrological background

Abstract

A group of ancient dams (c. second—first century BC) was located during an archaeological study of the Sanchi area in central India. Comparison of reservoir volumes with estimated inflows suggests that their design was based on hydrological understanding.     

Archaeoseismic evidence for a Late Roman earthquake in the Crotone area (Ionian Calabria, Southern Italy): Seismotectonic implications

The earthquakes of Calabria are among the strongest in the whole Mediterranean, and they all occurred between the disruptive sequences of 1638 and 1908 (6.7 ≤ M ≤ 7.2). Recent paleoseismological studies show that the return time of these events on their causative fault are larger than 1 ky, thus making ancient earthquakes not recognizable through ‘conventional’ historical research. On the other hand, in those areas characterized by highly erodible deposits, the identification and paleoseismic trenching of active seismogenetic faults has remained a challenge. In order to overcome these issues, we took an archaeoseismological approach for casting light on earthquake occurrence in one of these regions, i.e., the SE area of central Ionian Calabria (Marchesato region). The extensive traces of simultaneous and abrupt collapses in the Roman settlement of Capo Colonna (in the area of the sixth and fifth b.c. sanctuary of Hera Lacinia, near the town of Crotone) are evidence of a disruptive earthquake, which occurred possibly in the third century a.d. To the same event we ascribe the definitive collapse of the Hera Lacinia temple. Considering the seismotectonic framework of the region, this event could be tentatively associated with the active fault system which cuts from NW to SE the whole Sila massif and its Ionian slope, and which should be responsible for all the others known M > 6 earthquakes in the area.     

Organic structure and possible origin of ancient charred paddies at Chuodun Site in southern China

A number of ancient charred paddies with a ¹⁴C dating of about 5900 a BP were recovered in the sixth excavation at Chuodun Site and are assigned to the Majiabang culture (7–6 ka BP). To understand their formation mechanism, the ancient charred paddies were compared to modern paddies using FT-IR spectrum and thermaogravimetric analysis. At the same time, modern charred paddies were made in helium by the laboratory method, and the structural characteristics of them and the ancient ones were revealed using CP/MAS-¹³C-NMR. Our results show there are more aromatic moieties in ancient charred paddies compared to modern paddies. The aliphatic components of modern charred paddies decrease continuously, accompanied by the accumulation of aromatic components, when the duration and temperature of oxidation increase, and the structure buildings of modern charred paddies are more similar to ancient ones. Given the planting manner of paddies during Majiabang culture period, these ancient charred paddies might be a result of the original farming mode involving fire. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40571088)     

堆积阶地古老滑坡识别方法及其在线状工程地质勘察中的应用

阶地型古老滑坡体形成后,长期受各种营力影响,导致古老滑坡地貌形态破坏严重甚至消失。目前遥感技术和普通工程地质调绘很难发现这些滑坡的存在,给工程建设和后期运营造成较大安全隐患。为准确识别形态特征不明显的古老滑坡体,从阶地物质结构特征演变入手,找到阶地受剪切破坏产生的典型物质结构特征,将地层结构错断、卵砾石异常定向排列、摩擦镜面和泥包粒的眼球构造等作为滑坡准确识别依据。首先采用沿沟谷进行工程地质测绘的纵横交错追踪法确定滑坡体纵向范围和滑面形状,再结合地貌特征推测各级、块滑坡平面范围和分布,最后用点状勘探工程验证和校正推测结论。可将其总结为由"地貌异常、沿沟追踪、面上推断、点状校验"组成的阶地型滑坡识别方法,即物质结构异常推断法。结合线状工程勘察设计各阶段工作特点,提出线状工程前期工作中阶地型滑坡识别步骤,并在临渭高速公路工程建设项目中取得成功应用。     

广州莲花山的人工丹霞地貌和旅游开发

通过实地考察,概述广州番禺莲花山与粤北丹霞山地质地貌的异同,从丹霞地貌角度阐述这座古石矿场“人工无意夺天工”形成的陡崖,岩洞,石墙,石巷,岩湖,石柱,石门,石桥等人工丹霞奇观,并对这座以全国罕有古石矿场为主景的莲花山旅游区的进一步开发,提出了讨论意见。     

西藏纳木错和藏北高原古大湖晚更新世以来的湖泊演化与气候变迁

根据野外水准测量与室内实验分析，本文探讨了西藏纳木错和藏北高原古大湖晚更新世以来的湖泊演化和气候变迁。在纳木错沿岸拔湖48m以下，发育了6级湖岸阶地，拔湖48-139．2m发育有高位湖相沉积。研究表明，纳木错湖泊发育与藏北高原东南部古大湖演化可划分为3个阶段：①116-37ka B．P．间的古大湖期；②37-30ka B．P．间的外流湖期；③30kaB．P．以来的纳木错期。在古大湖阶段，包括纳木错、色林错和扎日南木错、当惹雍错等藏北高原东南部的一大批现代大、中、小型湖泊，都是互相连通的一个古大湖，其范围可能超过了现代的藏北内、外流(怒江)水系的分水岭。它或许还与藏北高原南部和西部的其他古湖相连，成为统一的藏北高原“古大湖”。通过对纳木错湖相沉积形成时代与深海氧同位素对比，易溶盐、pH值、地球化学、介形类和孢粉分析等的综合研究发现，湖相沉积记录了自晚更新世以来的湖泊演化和气候变迁信息。资料显示古大湖期湖面最高，气候温和清爽；外流湖期湖面急剧下降，气温和湿度较现今略高；纳木错期以来气候经历了全新世最宜期的暖湿后日益干旱化，气温波动，湖面持续下降。表明自晚更新世以来该区气候在逐渐变干的总趋势的基础上，经历了多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。