黑海参脂肪酸的气相色谱／质谱法分析

黑海参（Holothuria atra）体壁经Folch法提取总脂,用HCl-甲醇进行甲酯化处理,以气相色谱／质谱法分析总脂中的脂肪酸组成。从黑海参中共分析出28种化合物,包括25种脂肪酸甲酯和3种脂肪醛二甲基缩醛。黑海参体壁中的饱和脂肪酸含量为22．93％,以C16：0（5．49％）和C18：0（4．38％）为主;不...     

日本枪乌贼的营养成分分析

本文采用国家标准营养分析方法及仪器分析方法测定了日本枪乌贼的营养成分。结果表明,日本枪乌贼中粗蛋白含量9.29%,粗脂肪含量1.43%,水分含量85.82%,灰分含量1.79%;18种氨基酸占总干重的55.09%,8种必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的44.46%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值0.80;多不饱和脂肪酸二十二碳六烯酸DHA、二十碳五烯酸EPA、二十碳四烯酸ARA及十八碳二烯酸LA之和占总脂肪酸含量的24.94%;富含无机元素镁,磷,钙,锌。日本枪乌贼蛋白质含量较高,必需氨基酸含量较丰富,粗脂肪含量较低,是营养价值较高的一种海产品。     

陕北地区动物骨骼的脂肪酸单体碳同位素分析

基于动物油脂的脂肪酸单体碳同位素模型开展古代样品的脂肪酸单体碳同位素分析可细化脂肪来源,有助于探究动物资源的加工利用、相关载体的使用功能及先民饮食策略,从而为古代人类的生活方式和古代社会的经济形态提供重要信息.目前该模型已得到国外诸多地区现代动物样品的验证,但其在中国的适用性尚不明晰.文章对陕北地区石峁遗址和高家洼遗址...     

Polyfluorinated compounds in waste water treatment plant effluents and surface waters along the River Elbe, Germany

Polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were investigated in waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and surface waters of the River Elbe from samples collected in 2007. Concentrations of various PFCs, including C₄–C₈ perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), C₆ and C₈ perfluorinated sulfinates, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, C₅–C₁₃ perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), C₄ and C₈ perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 unsaturated fluorotelomercarboxylic acids were quantified. ∑PFC concentrations of the river water ranged from 7.6 to 26.4 ng L⁻¹, whereas ∑PFC concentrations of WWTP effluents were approximately 5–10 times higher (30.5–266.3 ng L⁻¹), indicating that WWTPs are potential sources of PFCs in the marine environment. PFC patterns of different WWTP effluents varied depending on the origin of the waste water, whereas the profile of PFC composition in the river water was relatively constant. In both kinds of water samples, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the major PFC, whereas perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) was the predominant PFSA.     

The feasibility of isolation and detection of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes using the benzene polycarboxylic acid method

The incorporation of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes into electronic, optical and consumer products will inevitably lead to the presence of these anthropogenic compounds in the environment. To date, there have been few studies isolating these materials from environmental matrices. Here we report a method commonly used to quantify black carbon (BC) in soils, the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method, for measurement of two types of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), two types of fullerenes and two forms of soot. The distribution of BC products (BPCAs) from the high pressure and high temperature oxidation illustrates the condensed nature of these compounds because they form predominantly fully substituted mellitic acid (B6CA). The conversion of carbon nanoparticles to BPCAs was highest for fullerenes (average of 23.2 ± 4.0% C recovered for both C₆₀ and C₇₀) and lowest for non-functionalized SWCNTs (0.5 ± 0.1% C). The recovery of SWCNTs was 10 times higher when processed through a cation-exchange column, indicating the presence of metals in SWCNTs compromises the oxidation chemistry. While mixtures of SWCNTs, soot and sediment revealed small losses of black carbon during sample processing, the method is suitable for quantifying total BC. The BPCA distribution of mixtures did not agree with theoretical mixtures using model polyaromatic hydrocarbons, suggesting the presence of a matrix effect. Future work is required to quantify different types of black carbon within the same sample.     

Terrigenous dissolved organic matter along an estuarine gradient and its flux to the coastal ocean

The contribution of terrigenous organic matter (TOM) to high molecular weight dissolved and particulate organic matter (POM) was examined along the salinity gradient of the Delaware Estuary. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was fractionated by ultrafiltration into 1–30 kDa (HDOM) and 30 kDa–0.2 μm (VHDOM) nominal molecular weight fractions. Thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was used to release and quantify lipids and lignin phenols. Stable carbon isotopes, fatty acids and lignin content indicated shifts in sources with terrigenous material in the river and turbid region and a predominantly algal/planktonic signal in the lower estuary and coastal ocean. Thermochemolysis with TMAH released significant amounts of short chain fatty acids (C₉–C₁₃), not seen by traditional alkaline hydrolysis, which appear to be associated with the macromolecular matrix. Lignin phenol distributions in HDOM, VHDOM and particles followed predicted sources with higher concentrations in the river and turbid region of the estuary and lower concentrations in the coastal ocean. TOM comprised 12% of HDOM within the coastal ocean and up to 73% of HDOM within the turbid region of the estuary. In the coastal ocean, TOM from high molecular weight DOM comprised 4% of total DOC. The annual flux of TOM from the Delaware Estuary to the coastal ocean was estimated at 2.0×10¹⁰ g OC year⁻¹ and suggests that temperate estuaries such as Delaware Bay can be significant sources of TOM on a regional scale.     

Acidic polar compounds in petroleum: a new analytical methodology and applications as molecular migration indices

A new method for analysis of acidic polar compounds, is described and discussed. It allows the simultaneous quantification of carboxylic acids, phenols and carbazoles and combines accuracy with a short turnaround time, a requirement strictly necessary for industrial applications. Routinely use of this methodology (more than 50 applications in many different sedimentary basins) has supplied many important pieces of information about oil origin, maturity, biodegradation and, in particular, has allowed to define a molecular migration index (MMI), based on relative abundance of phenol and alkyl phenols. The combination of well-established geochemical tools focused on saturated and aromatic fractions (such as biomarkers, compound specific isotope ratio analysis, and GC fingerprinting) with this methodology results in the definition of an integrated interpretative sequence. This last enhances the quality of interpretations through cross-checks and permits a better exploitation of oil samples by using also their less explored fraction, i.e. the polar compounds. Application results of this methodology are only shortly mentioned in this paper, which is mainly focused on analytical aspects. The results will be more extensively discussed in a future publication.     

盆地流体中有机组分的成矿效应

盆地流体含有丰富的有机组分。有机质-金属耦合作用是盆地流体金属成矿机制的关键,具有极其重要的意义。有机质的成矿作用主要表现为：1)沉积有机质对盆地流体物理化学特征的制约;2)有机组分对金,属成矿元素在盆地流体中的迁移能力、迁移形式以及沉淀就位机制的制约;3)富有机质的地层作为地球化学还原障和H2S障对于流体中金属沉淀就位的制约;4)沉积有机质的演化对于盆地流体运移的制约(通过油气的阵发性析出和二次孔隙的产生)。     

单个体浮游动物脂肪酸的气相色谱分析

为使浮游动物脂肪酸测定充分实现规范化及微量化,便于浮海动物自然生态及实验生态的研究,借助于毛细管气相色谱微量测定技术建立了浮游动物单个体或多个体样品测定的流程及技术,并实际测定了采自厦门附近海域的实际浮游动物样品中脂肪酸的含量。虽然这些数据来自几个甚至一个浮游动物样品,单个数据仍然显示充分的合理性及可靠性。这些数据显示出浮游动物不同种之间、游浮动物与浮流植物之间都有着明显的不同;同时,某些种之间或者某些样品之间又存在着各种的联系。这样,脂肪酸组成在化学分类学上的作用也得到了明显的体现。     

大西洋牙鲆幼鱼肌肉组成与营养需求的探讨

测定了养殖大西洋牙鲆幼鱼肌肉中的蛋白质、脂类、灰分等生化组织,并计算了其比能值,分析了肌肉蛋白质中17种常见氨基酸的含量、脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明:大西洋牙鲆属高蛋白、低脂肪、低比能值鱼类,肌肉氨基酸含量同其它鲆鲽鱼类相比,属中等水平,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的含量较高;肌肉蛋白中氨基酸的支/芳值为2.794;脂肪酸含量中棕榈酸(16∶0)的含量最高,其次为油酸(18∶1 n)和DHA(22∶6 n-3);其EPA(20∶5 n-3)和DHA(22∶6 n-3)的含量较高,营养丰富且平衡良好,是值得推荐的优良养殖品种和食用鱼类。