Carbonate melting and peperite formation at the intrusive contact between large mafic dykes and clastic sediments of the upper Palaeozoic Saint‐Jules Formation,New‐Carlisle,Quebec

The base of an upper Palaeozoic graben‐fill in eastern Canada was affected by mafic dyke intrusions shortly after deposition, resulting in the formation of peperite. Complex magma–sediment interactions occurred as the melts mingled with the wet and poorly consolidated clastic material of this sedimentary basin, which is separated from underlying rocks by the Acadian unconformity (Middle Devonian). As a result of these interactions, the mafic rocks are strongly oxidized, albitized and autobrecciated near and above the unconformity, where blocky juvenile clasts of mafic glass and porphyritic basalt have mingled with molten or fluidized sediments of the upper Palaeozoic Saint‐Jules Formation, forming a peperite zone several metres thick. In contrast to most peperite occurrences, the New‐Carlisle peperites are associated with the tip of dykes rather than with the sides of sills or dykes. We argue that more heat can be concentrated above a dyke than above a sill, as the former provides a more efficient and focused pathway for heated waters to invade the poorly consolidated host sediments. Superheated groundwaters that issued from the sides of the dykes appear to have promoted melting of carbonate components in calcareous sedimentary rock clasts of the Saint‐Jules Formation, locally generating carbonate melts that contributed to the mingling of juvenile and sedimentary clasts in the peperite. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽宁砖庙硼矿地质特征及成矿作用

砖庙硼矿为产在辽吉裂谷带的硼镁石矿床。矿层赋存于早元古界辽河群里尔峪组含硼变粒岩段。共分7个矿段。矿体多分布在大理岩膨大部位,并随其同步膨缩和等间距尖灭再现。根据赋矿层位、容矿岩石特征、矿石结构构造及B2O3品位进行混合筛分成果、数学地质判别资料综合分析表明,火山活动为硼矿形成提供物质来源,矿床形成经历沉积及变质改造二个阶段。     

皖南石耳山新元古代花岗岩锆石U—Pb定年以及元素和氧同位素地球化学研究

对皖南新元古代石耳山花岗岩样品进行了锆石微区u—Ph定年、全岩主微量元素分析和Sr—Nd同位素分析以及矿物氧同位素分析。结果表明,石耳山花岗岩中存在两个时代的岩浆锆石,对应的u—Ph年龄分别为777±9Ma和827±15Ma。总体上石耳山花岗岩的特征为：高SiO2（74．7％-78．5％）、高K2O（3．99％～5．64％）和高K2O／Na20比值（1．5—3．0）,以及很低的基性组分含量（YTiO2＋FeO＋MgO=1．2％-3．0％）,显示出高度演化的地壳物质。并具有LREE富集的右倾模式和强烈的Eu负异常（Eu／Eu^＋=0．2—0．4）。全岩εNd（t）值（-0．53—＋0．72）,指示其岩浆源区含有显著的亏损地幔组分。样品的锆石δ^18O值为2．4‰-7．1‰,显示石耳山花岗岩为低δ^18O值岩浆岩;相对较大的δ^18O值变化范围,说明其成因与高温超固相热液蚀变作用有关。其余矿物与锆石相比,大多数表现出很大的δ^18O值变化范围,表明经历了不同程度的高温热液蚀变。根据这些岩石的同位素年代学和地球化学特征,认为U—Ph年龄为827±15Ma的锆石应为继承来源,而年龄为777±9Ma的锆石可解释为同时代岩浆成因。因此在1000—880Ma中,皖南出现过大规模的幔源岩浆活动,沿着大陆边缘形成初生地壳。约827±15Ma热事件（地幔超柱活动？）使岩石圈地幔及其上覆地壳加热,导致拉伸加厚地壳内部的初生地壳重熔形成岩浆岩。随着裂谷的快速打开,约780Ma幔源岩浆沿裂谷带上涌,启动了中上地壳裂谷带高温热液蚀变,同期喷发了大量的火山岩。裂谷带内的岩浆围岩经受了不同程度的水一岩交换,形成各种低δ^18O值的蚀变围岩。在约805℃时,蚀变围岩开始部分熔融并且同期侵位冷却固结,形成花岗岩。较老的继承锆石大多被熔融,大量形成的是约777±9Ma结晶的岩浆锆石。由于处于熔体状态的时间很短,使得岩浆未能均一化,而生成具有不同低δ^18O值的花岗岩。石耳山花岗岩初生地壳的形成至少经历了2个阶段部分熔融成岩过程,因而具有高硅、高钾和低基性组分等高度演化的地壳物质特征。     

山东东营凹陷八面河油田稠油成因分析

东营凹陷八面河地区原油物性呈规律性的变化,偏离生油中心的构造高部位主要分布稠油,靠近生油中心的构造低部位主要分布正常油。对原油族组成与化学成分的分析表明,八面河油田稠油具有低饱芳比、饱和烃含量低、链烷烃与低分子量萘、菲等轻质馏分严重缺失等轻度-中等降解油特征,邻区草桥油田稠油含较为完整的生物降解标志物--25-降藿烷系列,系严重降解油,反映该区稠油的形成与次生变化有关。同区具有相同或相似油气成因的沙子岭原油的成熟度（C₂₉甾烷ααα20S/(S+R)值为0.24~0.25）低于八面河的（C₂₉甾烷ααα20S/(S+R)值为0.31~0.44）,为典型未熟-低熟油。沙子岭的轻度或未降解油同样表现为正常油,反映八面河地区低温成烃与稠油无必然的联系,进一步验证八面河稠油主系次生成因。处于构造高部位的油藏由于埋深浅、保存条件差,导致水洗、生物降解等次生变化相对较强,最终形成稠油。     

Magnetic properties related to thermal treatment of pyrite

Detailed rock magnetic experiments were conducted on high-purity natural crystalline pyrite and its products of thermal treatments in both argon and air atmospheres. In argon atmosphere (reducing environment), the pyrite is altered by heating to magnetite and pyrrhotite; the latter is stable in argon atmosphere, and has coercive force and coercivity of remanence of ～20 and ～30 mT, respectively. Whereas in air, the pyrite is ultimately oxidized to hematite. First order reversal curve (FORC) diagram of the end product shows that the remanence coercivity of hematite is up to ～1400 mT. The corresponding thermal transformation process of pyrite in air can be simply summarized as pyrite→ pyrrhotite→magnetite→hematite. These results are helpful for understanding of sedimentary magnetism, secondary chemical remanence and meteorolite magnetic properties.     

Characteristics,extent and origin of hydrothermal alteration at Mount Rainier Volcano,Cascades Arc,USA: Implications for debris-flow hazards and mineral deposits

Hydrothermal alteration at Mount Rainier waxed and waned over the 500,000-year episodic growth of the edifice. Hydrothermal minerals and their stable-isotope compositions in samples collected from outcrop and as clasts from Holocene debris-flow deposits identify three distinct hypogene argillic/advanced argillic hydrothermal environments: magmatic-hydrothermal, steam-heated, and magmatic steam (fumarolic), with minor superimposed supergene alteration. The 3.8 km³ Osceola Mudflow (5600 y BP) and coeval phreatomagmatic F tephra contain the highest temperature and most deeply formed hydrothermal minerals. Relatively deeply formed magmatic-hydrothermal alteration minerals and associations in clasts include quartz (residual silica), quartz–alunite, quartz–topaz, quartz–pyrophyllite, quartz–dickite/kaolinite, and quartz–illite (all with pyrite). Clasts of smectite–pyrite and steam-heated opal–alunite–kaolinite are also common in the Osceola Mudflow. In contrast, the Paradise lahar, formed by collapse of the summit or near-summit of the edifice at about the same time, contains only smectite–pyrite and near-surface steam-heated and fumarolic alteration minerals. Younger debris-flow deposits on the west side of the volcano (Round Pass and distal Electron Mudflows) contain only low-temperature smectite–pyrite assemblages, whereas the proximal Electron Mudflow and a < 100 y BP rock avalanche on Tahoma Glacier also contain magmatic-hydrothermal alteration minerals that are exposed in the avalanche headwall of Sunset Amphitheater, reflecting progressive incision into deeper near-conduit alteration products that formed at higher temperatures.     

A spatial assessment of hydrologic alteration caused by dam construction in the middle and lower Yellow River,China

The ‘range of variability approach’ (RVA) and mapping technique are used to investigate the spatial variability of hydrologic alterations (HA) due to dam construction along the middle and lower Yellow River, China, over the past five decades. The impacts of climate variability on hydrological process have been removed during wet and dry periods and the focus is on the impacts of human activities, such as dam construction, on hydrological processes. Results indicate the following: (1) The impacts of the Sanmenxia reservoir on the hydrologic alteration are relatively slight with a mean HA value of 0·48, ranking in the last place among the four large reservoirs. (2) Xiaolangdi reservoir has significantly changed the natural flow regime downstream with mean HA value of 0·56, ranking it in first place among the large reservoirs. (3) The results of ranked median degrees of 33 hydrologic alteration indicators for 10 stations in the Yellow River show that the hydrologic alteration of Huayuankou ranks the highest among 10 stream gauges. (4) Impacts of reservoirs on hydrological processes downstream of the dams are closely associated with the regulating activities of the reservoirs. At the same time, alterations of streamflow regimes resulting from climatic changes (e.g. precipitation variability) make the situation more complicated and more hydrological observations will be necessary for further analysis. The results of the current study will be greatly beneficial to the regional water resources management and restoration of eco‐environmental systems in the middle and lower Yellow River characterized by intensified dam construction under a changing environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松辽盆地东南隆起区营城组火山岩蚀变改造型膨润土类型、成因及分布规律——以九台市膨润土矿为例

松辽盆地营城组火山岩蚀变转化为膨润土或发生膨润土化现象较普遍,出露较大型的膨润土矿主要在九台银矿山一带。矿床与下伏沙河子组煤系地层呈不整合接触。通过火山岩岩性、岩石序列关系、微观特征及X-衍射分析等研究认为：膨润土类型可划分为低沸石型膨润土和高沸石型膨润土;珍珠岩、含角砾流纹质（玻璃质）凝灰熔岩和玻璃质火山碎屑岩为主要成矿原岩,成岩期后流体及流体的运移通道是决定其是否蚀变的主要因素;从成矿原岩转化为膨润土,即火山玻璃（珍珠岩）-沸石岩-膨润土的变化规律反应在岩石序列关系上表现为蚀变作用逐渐增强,岩石的硬度-颜色逐渐变弱,岩石的组构特征逐渐消失的过程;矿体发育厚度、横向连续性受火山机构的影响,具有很强的非均质性,一般在侵出相内+中带亚相、爆发相空落亚相和热碎屑流亚相是膨润土矿形成的最有利相带,另外岩性为玻璃质流纹岩的喷溢相也是膨润土形成的主要相带。     

九台营城煤矿区珍珠岩特征、成因及储层地质意义

九台营城煤矿区珍珠岩类型多样、种类繁多：按珍珠岩成分和组构可分为强蚀变珍珠岩、流纹构造珍珠岩、流纹构造与珍珠构造互层珍珠岩、含斑晶珍珠岩和硅化珍珠岩;根据珍珠岩蚀变阶段和蚀变产物又可分为未蚀变（正常）珍珠岩、弱蒙脱石化珍珠岩、强蒙脱石化珍珠岩和硅化-蒙脱石化珍珠岩。本区珍珠岩为熔岩喷出地表后,直接进入水中,发生塑状玻璃的水化作用冷凝固结形成。其蚀变过程是在碱性水介质参与下完成的。本区珍珠岩具有随蚀变程度加强而储集性能大大降低的特征。