云南腾冲白岩子锡、铅、锌多金属矿区地质特征及成因探讨

白岩子锡、铅、锌多金属矿床主要赋存于二叠系下统大东厂组下段（P1dn1）地层中,矿体与南北向构造和岩浆岩关系密切,本文通过对云南腾冲白岩子锡、铅、锌多金属矿床的地质特征、岩浆活动、变质作用、围岩蚀变、成矿物质来源、控矿条件等多方面的分析和研究,认为白岩子锡、铅、锌多金属矿床属中～高温气成热液形成的锡石～多金属硫化物型矿床.     

磷灰石地球化学特征对花岗岩锡成矿能力的指示——以滇西腾冲 梁河锡矿带小龙河锡矿床为例

锡矿床全球空间分布高度不均,成矿与花岗岩密切相关,对花岗岩Sn成矿作用的研究受到学界高度重视。准确示踪岩浆源区和精细刻画岩浆演化过程对理解花岗岩与对Sn成矿之间的关系十分关键。磷灰石作为花岗岩类岩石中常见的副矿物,其化学组成在示踪花岗岩岩浆源区和成岩过程方面有独特优势。本文对滇西腾冲-梁河锡矿带具有代表性的小龙河锡矿床,对矿区内的花岗岩展开磷灰石原位化学成分分析。研究结果表明,小龙河锡矿区的花岗岩为一套高分异花岗岩,显示A型花岗岩特征,主要源于地壳物质熔融,花岗岩形成于相对还原的环境,富F且含有一定量的Cl元素。上述岩石地球化学特征有利于花岗岩浆演化过程中Sn的富集和迁移,说明磷灰石的成分特征可以很好地指示花岗岩浆的成因、演化及其物理化学条件,能有效评价花岗岩的Sn成矿能力。     

火山"熔岩流气泡古高度计"及其在云南腾冲火山区的应用

通过对火山熔岩流及其气泡特征的研究能够确定熔岩流喷发时的古高度,本文将这一方法称为火山“熔岩流气泡古高度计”.“熔岩流气泡古高度计”是在实地测量熔岩流厚度和实验室对熔岩流顶底气泡体积精确测定的基础上,利用流体力学原理和气体状态方程,通过计算古大气压强,最终获得火山喷发时的古高度.由于火山岩是开展同位素测年的理想材料,并且利用熔岩流计算古高度所需的参数(熔岩流厚度和气泡体积)不受古气候等因素(温度、降雨量等)影响,因此,这一方法以其可靠的年龄和独立的计算参数明显区别于其它古高度计.“熔岩流气泡古高度计”核心技术包括:(1)熔岩流的挑选与厚度测量;(2)熔岩流底部和顶部气泡体积的计算.中等规模、具简单冷凝历史,并且厚度稳定的偏基性熔岩流,是开展古高度计算的理想对象.熔岩流气泡体积的测试手段包括注胶、岩石抛光-扫描、体视学转换和三维CT扫描4种方法.“熔岩流气泡古高度计”最终计算结果误差为400m左右.本文利用“熔岩流气泡古高度计”计算了腾冲火山区熔岩流的古高度,研究结果显示:“熔岩流气泡古高度计”计算的黑空山熔岩流高程与目前的实际高程相吻合.开展“熔岩流气泡古高度计”研究的前提是研究区必须出露保存完好的熔岩流.我国青藏高原的隆升历史一直是国际学术界争论的热点课题,那里出露大面积熔岩流.可以预见,“熔岩流气泡古高度计”将会逐渐成为研究青藏高原隆升历史的有效手段之一.     

腾冲火山区壳内岩浆囊现今温度:来自温泉逸出气体 CO2、CH4间碳同位素分馏的估计

温度是岩浆囊的重要物理参数,获取温度参数并监测其变化对更好地理解岩浆囊的物理化学性质和行为、评价火山的活动性和喷发危险性具有重要的理论和现实意义.本文通过对温泉逸出气体CO2和CH4碳同位素样品的采集、分析测试,利用Horita通过实验矫正的Richet的平衡分馏系数的理论计算数据,通过拟合得到的CO2-CH4碳同位素平衡分馏方程T(K)=3880.3(10001nα(CO2-CH4))-0.5984,计算了腾冲火山区现存3个岩浆囊的温度.结果表明:在整个腾冲火山区,由CO2和CH4的碳同位素分馏值计算的气体源区平衡温度最低397℃,最高1163℃,平均615℃.腾冲火山区的3个岩浆囊中,南部五合-龙江-浦川岩浆囊的现今温度在464～1163℃,平均773℃,温度最高;中部腾冲-和顺-热海岩浆囊的现今温度在438 ～773℃间,平均达566℃,温度次之;北部马站-曲石-永安岩浆囊的现今温度在397～651℃间,平均达524℃,温度最低.我们认为,腾冲火山区地下岩浆囊顶部气体富集区目前的温度变化范围为400～ 1200℃,岩浆囊的实际温度应高于平均值615℃.3个岩浆囊的边缘温度可能在400 ～600℃间,中心温度可能在700～1200℃间.3个岩浆囊中心的现今温度已达到流纹岩浆(600～900℃)、安山岩(800 ～ 1100℃)和玄武岩浆(1000～1250℃)的形成温度,进一步说明腾冲火山区目前3个岩浆囊是客观存在的.另外,我们发现在用δ-△图解法判断CO2-CH4间碳同位素分馏平衡的过程中,在保持2条拟合直线的斜率符号相反的条件下,无论如何剔除数据点,都不能使δ13CCO2-ΔCO2-CH4拟合直线的截距bCO2和δ13 CCH4-ΔCO2-CH14拟合直线的截距bCH4之差bΔ小于0.1245,说明2条拟合直线的交点不能落于δ轴上,而这一数值与Horita方程的常数项接近,这说明CO2-CH4间碳同位素分馏方程中确实存在常数项,CO2和CH4间在再高的温度下都存在碳同位素的分馏.δ-△图解法判断CO2-CH4间碳同位素分馏平衡准则应修正为:在保持2条拟合直线的斜率符号相反的条件下,δ13 CCO2-ΔCO2-CH4拟合直线和δ13CCH4-ΔCO2-CH4拟合直线应相交于δ轴附近截距差0.1245处.     

滇西三江构造带西部腾冲地块内印支期岩浆热事件的发现及其地质意义

西南"三江"(怒江,澜沧江,金沙江)构造带中的澜沧江-昌宁-孟连带及其以东的区域被认为是典型的古特提斯构造域,而构造带西部的腾冲地块则更多的被认为处于雅鲁藏布-密支那/怒江新特提斯的影响之下,在晚古生代-早中生代的时段内一直被认为属于稳定的台地型陆表海环境。然而,本文的研究确证腾冲地块内存在印支期(219~206Ma)的中酸性岩浆岩,表明腾冲地区晚古生代-早中生代时期并不是简单的被动大陆边缘,其内部存在丰富的海西-印支期的岩浆活动的记录。这些岩浆事件与属于同一大地构造单元的拉萨地体腹地和藏东波密地区的同时代岩浆热事件可以对比,说明拉萨地体内新发现的以松多榴辉岩带为代表的印支期造山带的影响范围已向南延伸并直达滇西的腾冲地区。     

腾冲地区与锡矿床有关的花岗岩地球 化学特征及类型判别

腾冲地区自东向西依次发育早白垩世（K1）东河花岗岩带（143.0~111.7Ma）、晚白垩世（K2）古永花岗岩带（84.3~65.9Ma）和早第三纪（E1 2）槟榔江花岗岩带（66.4~41.2Ma）。通过对与锡成矿关系密切的槟榔江花岗岩带中来利山花岗岩和古永花岗岩带中小龙河、水城花岗岩的岩相学、元素地球化学研究发现：花岗岩SiO2含量高,全碱（ALK）＝8.17%~8.15%,K2O/Na2O＞1,修改后的钙碱指数（MALI）＝7.25~8.34,属高钾钙碱性 碱钙性系列;来利山花岗岩A/CNK＝1.02~1.04,为弱过铝质花岗岩,小龙河和水城花岗岩A/CNK≤1.0,为准铝质花岗岩;这些花岗岩的形成与腾冲地块和保山地块碰撞有关,其中来利山花岗岩FeO/(FeO＋MgO)＝0.61~0.67,相对富Mg,但铁镁含量低,源于（含）泥质岩石,为形成于后碰撞造山伸展阶段的S型花岗岩;小龙河和水城花岗岩FeO/(FeO＋MgO)＝0.88~0.94,相对富Fe,源于无水硅酸盐大陆地壳,为形成于后碰撞造山阶段A型花岗岩中的A2亚型花岗岩。研究确定了腾冲地区与锡矿床有关的来利山、小龙河、水城花岗岩的成因类型、源区特征和构造背景,并表明不同花岗岩带发育不同类型的花岗岩。     

Chalcophile element constraints on magma differentiation of Quaternary volcanoes in Tengchong,SW China

The Tengchong volcanic field comprises numerous Quaternary volcanoes in SW China. The volcanic rocks are grouped into Units 1–4 from the oldest to youngest. Units 1, 3 and 4 are composed of trachybasalt, basaltic trachyandesite and trachyandesite, respectively, and Unit 2 consists of hornblende-bearing dacite. This rock assemblage resembles those of arc volcanic sequences related to oceanic slab subduction. Rocks of Units 1 and 3 contain olivine phenocrysts with Fo contents ranging from 65 to 85 mole%, indicating early fractionation of olivine and chromite prior to the eruption of magma. All the rocks from Units 1, 3 and 4 have very low PGE concentrations, with <0.05 ppb Ru and Rh, <0.2 ppb Pt and Pd, and Ir that is commonly close to, or slightly higher than detection limits (0.001 ppb). The small variations of Pt/Pd ratios (0.4–2.2) are explained by fractionation of silicate and oxide minerals. The 5-fold variations in Cu/Pd ratios (200,000–1,000,000) for the lavas at Tengchong, which do not vary systematically with fractionation, likely reflect retention of variable amounts of residual sulfide in the mantle source. In addition, all the rocks from Units 1, 3 and 4 have primitive mantle-normalized chalcophile element patterns depleted in PGE relative to Cu. Together with very low Cu/Zr ratios (0.06–0.24), these rocks are considered to have undergone variable degrees of sulfide-saturated differentiation in shallow crustal staging magma chambers. Large amounts of olivine and chromite crystallization probably triggered sulfide saturation of magma at depth for Units 1 and 3, whereas crustal contamination was responsible for sulfide saturation during ascent of magma for Unit 4.     

Crustal structure in the Tengchong volcanic area and position of the magma chambers

In this paper, we extract 1500 P receiver functions in the Tengchong volcanic area from 211 teleseismic events recorded at nine digital seismic stations. A common conversion point stacking technique is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and to get the time delays of the Ps, PpPs, PsPs + PpSs phases within grids of 10 km × 10 km. Finally, the crustal thickness and Poisson’s ratio are calculated. The results show that the crustal thickness ranges from 28 to 40 km and the Poisson’s ratio ranges from 0.28 to 0.36. There exist two mantle-uplifting sites each with a horizontal scale of about 30 km × 30 km, one in Mazhan–Tengchong–Maanshan and the other in Wuhe–Longjiang–Tuantian. The high Poisson’s ratio is consistently located within these two sites. Recorded shocks with Ms > 2.0 reveal that most of the shocks are distributed around the two sites and few are located at the centers. The shocks, the geothermal distribution, and the crustal structure suggest that the magma is still active, and the two mantle-uplifting sites detected may be the positions of two magma chambers in the crust.     

S-wave velocity structure in the SE Tibetan plateau

We use observations recorded by 23 permanent and 99 temporary stations in the SE Tibetan plateau to obtain the S-wave velocity structure along two profiles by applying joint inversion with receiver functions and surface waves. The two profiles cross West Yunnan block(WYB),the Central Yunnan sub-block(CYB), South China block(SCB), and Nanpanjiang basin(NPB). The profile at ~25°N shows that the Moho interface in the CYB is deeper than those in the WYB and the NPB, and the topography and Moho depth have clear correspondence.Beneath the Xiaojiang fault zone(XJF), there exists a crustal low-velocity zone(LVZ), crossing the XJF and expanding eastward into the SCB. The NPB is shown to be of relatively high velocity. We speculate that the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan plateau may pass through the XJF and affect its eastern region, and is resisted by the rigid NPB, which has high velocity. This may be the main cause of the crustal thickening and uplift of the topography. In the Tengchong volcanic area, the crust is shown to have alternate high- and low-velocity layers, and the upper mantle is shown to be of low velocity. We consider that the magma which exists in the crust is from the upper mantle and that the complex crustal velocity structure is related to magmatic differentiation. Between the Tengchong volcanic area and the XJF, the crustal velocity is relatively high.Combining these observations with other geophysical evidence, it is indicated that rock strength is high and deformation is weak in this area, which is why the level of seismicity is quite low. The profile at ~23°N shows that the variation of the Moho depth is small from the eastern rigid block to the western active block with a wide range of LVZs. We consider that deformation to the south of the SE Tibetan Plateau is weak.     

滇西腾冲新生代火山岩岩石地球化学特征

腾冲新生代火山岩位于印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞带附近,但是喷发时大洋已经闭合,属于大陆板内火山岩。对其进行地球化学研究,可以用来划分构造属性和推测岩浆来源。采用XRF和ICP-MS对典型岩石样品进行了较系统的岩石地球化学研究,结果表明,岩石类型有玄武质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩和玄武安山岩,属高钾钙碱性系列;岩石化学显示高K2O、CaO和低TiO2,Mg#较高,平均约为46;稀土元素分布呈右倾,显示明显的Eu负异常;相对于原始地幔富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,并具有明显的Th正异常;地球化学组成总体上与岛弧岩浆岩相似,推测其成因与印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲引发的岩浆活动有关。特征元素比值显示岩浆可能来源于与俯冲作用相关的EMⅠ型地幔。