Sedimentary processes at ice sheet grounding-zone wedges revealed by outcrops,Washington State (USA)

Grounding-zone wedges (GZWs) mark the grounding terminus of flowing marine-based ice streams and, in the presence of an ice shelf, the transition from grounded ice to floating ice. The morphology and stratigraphy of GZWs is predominantly constrained by seafloor bathymetry, seismic data, and sediment cores from deglaciated continental shelves; however, due to minimal constraints on GZW sedimentation processes, there remains a general lack of knowledge concerning the production of these landforms. Herein, outcrop observations are provided of GZWs from Whidbey Island in the Puget Lowlands (Washington State, USA). These features are characterized by prograded diamictons bounded by glacial unconformities, whereby the lower unconformity indicates glacial advance of the southern Cordilleran Ice Sheet and the upper unconformity indicates locally restricted ice advance during GZW growth; the consistent presence of an upper unconformity supports the hypothesis that GZWs facilitate ice advance during landform construction. Based on outcrop stratigraphy, GZW construction is dominated by sediment transport of deformation till and melt-out of entrained basal debris at the grounding line. This material may be subsequently remobilized by debris flows. Additionally, there is evidence for subglacial meltwater discharge at the grounding line, as well as rhythmically bedded silt and sand, indicating possible tidal pumping at the grounding line. A series of GZWs on Whidbey Island provides evidence of punctuated ice sheet movement during retreat, rather than a rapid ice sheet lift-off. The distance between adjacent GZWs of 10²–10³ m and the consistency in their size relative to modern ice stream grounding lines suggests that individual wedges formed over decades to centuries. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湖北恩施双河硒矿床地球化学特征及成因探讨

湖北恩施双河硒矿床赋硒岩石的化学成分中SiO2含量不仅相对较低,而且变化范围较大;Al2O3,K2O,TiO2,MgO含量相对较高。主要氯化物比值与火山或热水成因硅质岩接近。在氧化物协变图解中样品主要投影在火山成因区内。Al/（Al＋Fe＋Mn）的半均值约为0．72,最大值为0．93,大于生物成因型硅质岩沉积物,说明有富Al的陆源物质加入。来自深源的向量元素Se,Te,Mo表现出超异常的富集;而V,Ag,Sb,Cr等元素也有较高程度的富集,这些特征与世界上火山成因硅质岩相似。更为重要的是在赋硒岩石夹层中首次发现了泥化的火山碎屑角砾,由此表明该矿床物质来源与火山碎屑沉积物之间有着密切的成因联系。同时研究区样品中的Co/Ni〈1,U/Th〉1;在P2O5-Y的相关图解中亦呈现出某些热水成因的特点。稀土元素8Ce呈负异常,平均值为0．61;REE总量和同期、邻区的峨眉山玄武岩相近;HREE有富集趋势,北美页岩标准化稀土配分曲线以不同程度略向左倾斜,这些特征又表明该矿床在其成岩成矿过科中一定程度上受热水作用影响。     

Evidence for UHP anatexis in the Shuanghe UHP paragneiss from inclusions in clinozoisite,garnet, and zircon

The Shuanghe garnet-bearing paragneiss from the Dabie ultra-high–pressure (UHP) orogen occurs as an interlayer within partially retrogressed eclogite. A first UHP metamorphic stage at 680°C, 3.8–4.1 GPa is documented by Zr-in-rutile temperatures coupled with phengite inclusions (Si = 3.55) in clinozoisite and grossular-rich garnet. Relic matrix phengite and phengite inclusions in zircon rims display lower Si of 3.42. Combined with garnet compositions and Ti-in-zircon temperatures, they provide evidence for a second UHP metamorphic stage at 800–850°C, ~3.8 GPa. Such isobaric heating at UHP conditions has not been documented so far from the adjacent eclogites and other rock types in the Dabie orogen and indicates proximity to the hot, convecting mantle wedge. The dominant mineral assemblage consisting of plagioclase, epidote, biotite, and amphibole provides evidence for widespread retrogression during the exhumation of the UHP paragneiss. Several types of polyphase mineral inclusions were identified. Phengite inclusions hosted by clinozoisite are partially replaced by kyanite and K-feldspar, whereas inclusions in host garnet consist of relic phengite, K-feldspar, and garnet, indicating limited sub-solidus dehydration of phengite by the reaction Ph→Kfs+Ky±Grt+fluid. Tightly intergrown K-feldspar and quartz are preserved as inclusions with sharp boundaries and radial cracks in garnet. Analyses of whole inclusions also show small enrichments in light rare earth elements. These inclusions are interpreted to be derived from melting of an inclusion assemblage consisting of Ph+Coe±Czo. A third type of polyphase inclusion consists of typical nanogranite (Ab+Kfs+Qz±Ep) inclusions in recrystallized metamorphic zircon. Ti-in-zircon thermometry and the Si content of phengite included in these zircon domains indicate that melting occurred at 800–850°C and 3.8–4.0 GPa during isobaric heating at UHP conditions. The partial melting event led to an equilibration of trace elements in garnet, phengite, and apatite. Using published partition coefficients between these minerals and hydrous granitic melt, the trace element composition of the UHP anatectic melt can be constrained. The melts are characterized by high LILE contents and pronounced relative enrichments of U over Th and Ta over Nb. The REE are below primitive mantle values, likely due to the presence of residual clinozoisite and garnet during partial melting. So far, no major granitic bodies have been found that share the same trace element pattern as the partial melts from the UHP anatexis of the Shuanghe paragneiss.     

Hyperspectral image analysis of different carbonate lithologies (limestone,karst and hydrothermal dolomites): the Pozalagua Quarry case study (Cantabria,North‐west Spain)

Ground‐based hyperspectral imaging combined with terrestrial lidar scanning is a novel technique for outcrop analysis, which has been applied to Early and Late Albian carbonates of the Pozalagua Quarry (Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). An image processing workflow has been developed for differentiating limestone from dolomite, providing additional sedimentary and diagenetic information, and the possibility to quantitatively delineate diagenetic phases in an accurate way. Spectral absorption signatures can be linked to specific sedimentary or diagenetic products, such as recent and palaeokarst, hydrothermal karst, (solution enlarged) fractures and different dolomite types. Some of the spectral signatures are related to iron, manganese, organic matter, clay and/or water content. Ground‐truthing accessible parts of the quarry showed that the classification based on hyperspectral image interpretation was very accurate. This technique opens the possibility for quantitative data evaluation on sedimentary and diagenetic features in inaccessible outcrops. This study demonstrates the potential of ground‐based imaging spectroscopy to provide information about the chemical–mineralogical distribution in outcrops, which could otherwise not be established using conventional field methods.     

西安市临潼-长安断裂带晚更新世以来的活动性研究

临潼-长安活动断裂带是渭河盆地内部西安凹陷与骊山凸起之间一条重要的活动断裂带,由2条次级断层组成,以灞河、皂河为界划分为北东、中、南西3段,前人对晚更新世以来的断裂的活动性存在2种不同的认识。为了确定临潼-长安断裂带晚更新世以来的活动性,文中以黄土S1、L1S和S0为确定垂直位移的标志和年代标尺,通过DEM地貌分析、断层露头调查,结合地壳形变资料,分析得出临潼-长安断裂带北东段晚更新世以来断裂活动性强,中段活动性其次,南西段活动性弱,与DEM显示的现今临潼-长安活动断裂带上下盘的地貌差异有很好的吻合性。     

Preliminary identification of earthquake triggered multi-hazard and risk in Pleret Sub-District (Yogyakarta,Indonesia)

Yogyakarta is one of the large cities in Central Java, located on Java Island, Indonesia. The city, and the Pleret sub-district, where the study has taken place, is prone to earthquake hazards, because it is close to several seismically active zones, such as the Sunda Megathrust and the active fault known as the Opak Fault. Since a devastating earthquake of 2006, the population of the Pleret sub-district has increased significantly. Thus, the housing demand has increased, and so is the pace of low-cost housing that does not meet earthquake-safety requirements, and furthermore are often located on unstable slopes. The local alluvial material covering a jigsaw of unstable blocks and complex slope is conditions that can amplify the negative impacts of earthquakes. Within this context, this study is aiming to assess the multi-hazards and risks of earthquakes and related secondary hazards such as ground liquefaction, and coseismic landslides. To achieve this, we used geographic information systems and remote sensing methods supplemented with outcrop study and existing seismic data to derive shear-strain parameters. The results have revealed the presence of numerous uncharted active faults with movements visible from imagery and outcrops. show that the middle part of the study area has a complex geological structure, indicated by many unchartered faults in the outcrops. Using this newly mapped blocks combined with shear strain data, we reassessed the collapse probability of buildings that reach level >0.75 near the Opak River, in central Pleret sub-district. Classifying the buildings and from population distribution, we could determine that the highest risk was during nighttime as the buildings susceptible to fall are predominantly housing buildings. The secondary hazards follow a slightly different distribution with a concentration of risks in the West.     

基于数字岩芯的致密砂岩储层孔隙结构精细表征与评价

致密砂岩储层微观孔隙结构十分复杂,定量化表征难度较大。针对此问题,选取陕西榆林市府谷县天生桥二叠系下石盒子组八段的辫状河露头的8个典型样品,利用图像滤波、阈值分割、最大球等效算法等对选取的数字岩芯代表性体积元进行处理。建立了岩样的三维孔隙结构模型以及球棍模型,计算了微观结构参数,定量表征了致密砂岩储层孔喉大小分布及其连通性特征,并结合评价地质方法开展了微观孔隙结构定量评价。研究表明：① 基于孔隙直径将孔隙分为P1~P4四类,分别对应微、小、中和大孔。对差异较大的1号和8号两个典型样品进行详细分析,结果表明1号样品以小孔和中孔为主,8号以中孔为主。② 基于喉道半径分为R1~R4四类,大体对应弯片状、片状型喉道、缩紧型喉道和孔隙缩小型,1号样品以弯片状和片状为主,8号以孔隙缩小型为主。③ 开展了微观孔隙结构定量评价。基于分形维数、形状因子、欧拉数、连通率、视孔隙度和孔喉结构类型等参数,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ 四级对8个样品进行了分级评价,取得了较好的评价效果。因此,数字岩芯技术从其强大的三维成像能力、数据处理能力等验证了能精确定量表征致密砂岩储层三维孔隙结构,可为致密砂岩油气资源评价与产能提供地质依据。     

湖北兴山大峡口二叠系剖面沉积相分析

在大量前人研究的基础上，通过野外实测，运用沉积相分析方法，结合露头层序地层学、生物地层学、储层成岩作用等方面研究，初步对湖北兴山大峡口二叠系剖面进行了沉积相分析研究，认为该剖面由下至上可划分为两个沉积体系单元，即碳酸盐缓坡沉积体系（相）和碳酸盐台地沉积体系（相）。同时，初步总结出了该剖面的沉积相模式。海平面的升降变化是控制该区沉积相发育和分布的主要因素。     

杭州上泥盆统西湖组露头层序地层研究

依据露头剖面层序地层的详细研究,将杭州上泥盆统西湖组划分为2个三级层序,其高频变化表现为：海进及低位体系域的粒序变化主要表现为下粗上细的正粒序组构特征,总体表现为自下而上沉积水体由浅变深的退积型旋回;高位体系域自下而上表现为由细变粗的逆粒序组构特征,总体构成下细上粗的向上变浅的进积型旋回。认为构造活动和海平面变化是控制西湖组层序发育演化的主要因素,并将其发育演化分成三个阶段：滨岸相之近滨上部转换为前滨与后滨交替沉积阶段,曲流河之河道与边滩反复沉积阶段,浅海陆棚与近滨下部相间沉积阶段。     

A New Method for Estimating Lengths for Partially Exposed Features

Length distributions from sedimentary bodies can be measured in outcrop. A common feature in many outcrops is the occurrence of partially exposed bodies, i.e., sedimentary bodies that are cut by either one or both edges of the outcrop. Ignoring these partials while establishing a length distribution leads to a bias toward the smaller length classes. This is because larger bodies have a larger probability to occur as partials than smaller bodies. We present a new method for estimating the expected complete length for a partially exposed feature, based on the theory of conditional probability. The method is demonstrated and tested on a sandstone outcrop exhibiting over 200 interbedded thin silt/shale streaks. It is shown that the method can significantly enlarge both the size and the representativeness of length distributions.