新疆西克尔露头区中下奥陶统塌体特征及成因分析

通过对塔里木盆地柯平隆起西克尔地区中下奥陶统露头21号点塌体几何尺度的观测、岩性和岩相的观察描述、断裂(裂隙)系统的分析、塌体与围岩地层及围岩地层之间的关系分析,结果表明该塌体不具岩溶垮塌的特征,而具有山体滑坡的性质,具体表现为塌体水平向运动的剪切帚状节理及与围岩间的边界断裂、山体整体运动滑塌的地层完整性、山体崩塌-倒塌、滑塌的似角砾岩及不同围岩间的地层产状的变化。对山体成因的分析表明,山体在滑坡过程中经历了崩塌-倒塌、滑塌作用。其滑坡可能原因是塌体位于古岩溶洼地的一端,这为滑坡提供了地质条件;而加里东期走滑断裂的后期活动成为山体滑坡的触发因素。     

地震勘探技术在新疆准东煤田的应用

新疆准东煤田主要煤层为赋存于中侏罗系西山窑组地层中的B煤组煤层,受区域构造和沉积环境的影响,该煤组煤层存在分叉合并、露头、缺失、火烧等地质现象,煤层结构比较复杂。以准东煤田西山窑组地层中的B煤组煤层为例,介绍了上述地质现象在地震时间剖面上的表现特征及解释原则,并采用地震反演技术对该区煤层厚度及煤层结构进行了解释,其精度与实际揭露相比,吻合程度较高。     

α- and β-diversity Change of Late Ordovician Hirnantia Fauna of Changning, Sichuan, Southwest China

A continuous Ordovician-Silurian boundary section from the upper Wufeng Formation through the Kuanyinchiao Formation to the lower Lungmachi Formation has been carefully measured and collected at Shuanghe of Changning, southern Sichuan Province. For the first time, the temporal changes of α- and β-diversities of the Hirnantia fauna have been discussed in great detail. The general trend of brachiopod diversity change, increasing upward, is consistent with the regional trend of the Yangtze Platform, which had been controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the sudden drop of diversity for a short period in the upper Kuanyinchiao Formation might have been controlled by environmental factors rather than normal faunal turnover. Synecological analysis using numerical methods recognizes two brachiopod-dominated associations of the Hirnantia fauna, the Dalmanella-Kinnella Association and the Mirorthis Association, both living in an offshore, deeper water environment corresponding to BA3-upper BA4, particularly lower BA3.     

库车坳陷索罕露头区与大北气田井下白垩系储层差异性分析

利用露头来进行地下地层和储层研究,是目前国内外较流行的一种研究思路。本文通过对塔里木盆地库车坳陷大北气田井下巴什基奇克组第三段与其典型露头索罕露头区巴三段砂岩储层差异性分析认为,二者沉积相带一致,岩石学特征略有差异,但是在储集空间类型和储层物性上差异较大。差异原因在于索罕露头区巴三段较大北气田井下经历了浅埋藏、弱压实、弱挤压和现代风化淋滤。露头与井下储层的对比研究对于深入了解库车坳陷深层裂缝性致密砂岩储层性质,进而进行储层评价具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Critical evaluation of an Upper Carboniferous tight gas sandstone reservoir analog: Diagenesis and petrophysical aspects

Upper Carboniferous sandstones are one of the most important tight gas reservoirs in Central Europe. We present data from an outcrop reservoir analog (Piesberg quarry) in the Lower Saxony Basin of Northern Germany. This field-based study focuses on the diagenetic control on spatial reservoir quality distribution.The investigated outcrop consists of fluvial 4^th-order cycles, which originate from a braided river dominated depositional environment. Westphalian C/D stratigraphy, sedimentary thicknesses and exposed fault orientations (NNW-SSE and W-E) reflect tight gas reservoir properties in the region further north. Diagenetic investigations revealed an early loss of primary porosity by pseudomatrix formation. Present day porosity (7% on average) and matrix permeability (0.0003 mD on average) reflect a high-temperature overprint during burial. The entire remaining pore space is occluded with authigenic minerals, predominantly quartz and illite. This reduces reservoir quality and excludes exposed rocks as tight gas targets. The correlation of petrographic and petrophysical data show that expected facies-related reservoir quality trends were overprinted by high-temperature diagenesis. The present day secondary matrix porosity reflects the telogenetic dissolution of mesogenetic ankerite cements and unstable alumosilicates.Faults are associated with both sealed and partially sealed veins near the faults, indicating localized mass transport. Around W-E striking faults, dissolution is higher in leached sandstones with matrix porosities of up to 26.3% and matrix permeabilities of up to 105 mD. The dissolution of ankerite and lithic fragments around the faults indicates focused fluid flow. However, a telogenetic origin cannot be ruled out.The results of this work demonstrate the limits of outcrop analog studies with respect to actual subsurface reservoirs of the greater area. Whereas the investigated outcrop forms a suitable analog with respect to sedimentological, stratigraphic and structural inventory, actual reservoirs at depth generally lack telogenetic influences. These alter absolute reservoir quality values at the surface. However, the temperature overprint and associated diagenetic modification, which caused the unusually low permeability in the studied outcrop, may pose a reservoir risk for tight gas exploration as a consequence of locally higher overburden or similar structural positions.     

华北地台中、上寒武统露头层序地层学研究的新认识

在生物地层对比基础之上通过对河北顺平清醒剖面、山东张夏和河北赵各庄标准剖面以及北京西山剖面的层序地层研究,将华北地台张夏阶和上寒武统自下而上划分并命名了5个总体向上变浅、以间断加深面为界的层序:张夏层序、崮山层序、崮长层序、长山层序和风山层序,并将上寒武统的4个层序与美国的相应层序进行了对比;阐述了层序地层单位与原来的生物地层、岩石地层和年代地层单位之间的关系,并用层序界面对原有岩石地层和年代地层单位的界线进行了优化;同时探讨了在克拉通陆表海背景下层序地层的发育特征以及相应的地质填图方法。     

贵州丹寨-三都中上寒武统露头层序地层学研究

作者对贵州丹寨－三都中上寒武统两个碳酸盐岩露头剖面进行了层序地层学研究，识别出5个（三级）层序。其中，寒武系顶界和都柳江组中部有I型层序边界，其余为Ⅱ型层序边界。论述了该区构造演化史，指出由于构造升降运动，两露头剖面的沉积环境发生变化。受海洋物理化学条件的控制，碳酸盐岩生产率以及生物种群显著变化，在一定程度上影响了碳酸盐岩台地的堆积。诸多因素都对碳酸盐岩地层层序或沉积相在横向上和纵向上的展布和排列形式有重要的控制作用。在寒武纪时，区内有两个沉积模式：一为广阔的坡缓底平的广海陆棚模式，形成于早寒武纪；二为台地（斜坡）－广海（盆地）沉积模式，形成于中晚寒武纪。     

Transition of UHP eclogites to gneissic rocks of low-amphibolite facies during exhumation: evidence from the Dabie terrane, central China

The Shuanghe ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) slab in the Dabie Mountains consists of layered coesite-bearing eclogite, jadeite quartzite, marble and biotite gneiss, and is fault bounded against hosting orthogneiss. Representative assemblages of eclogite are Grt+Omp+Coe+Rt±Ky±Phn±Mgs; it formed at P>27 kbar and 680–720±50 °C. During exhumation, these UHP rocks experienced multistage retrograde metamorphism. Coesite was overprinted by quartz aggregates, phengite by biotite±muscovite and rutile by titanite. Garnet was successively replaced by a thin rim of Amp, Amp+Pl, and Amp+Ep±Bt+Pl (minor). Omphacite and kyanite were replaced by Amp+Pl±Cpx (or ±Bt) and by Zo+Pl+Ms±Mrg±Bt, respectively. Secondary calcite occurs as irregular pockets in some layers. An outcrop near the UHP slab border is composed of 20 thin, concordant layers of foliated eclogites, amphibolite and gneissic rocks of variable bulk composition. These layers exhibit mineral assemblages and textures transitional from less altered through extensively retrograded eclogite to gneissic rock of low-amphibolite facies through hydration, metasomatism and recrystallization. Retrograde metamorphism has caused oxygen and hydrogen isotope disequilibria between some of the minerals, but the fluid for retrograde reactions was internally buffered in the stable isotope compositions. Retrograde metamorphism of variable extent may be attributed to selective infiltration of retrograde fluids of CO₂-rich and low-salinity aqueous, intensity of deformation and mineral resistance to alteration. The fluid phase for retrogression may have occurred either as discontinuous flow along grain boundaries in completely retrograded eclogites, and/or as isolated pockets in extensive or less altered eclogite layers.     

内蒙古中部绿岩型金矿地球化学及地球物理勘查

为查清深部隐伏矿体规模和延伸情况，在新地沟和卯独庆化探异常区，开展了激电法（中间梯度装置）和高精度磁法测量。新地沟化探异常区圈出面积约10km^2的激电异常和磁异常，异常尚未封闭，有大幅度向外延伸的趋势；卯独庆化探异常区圈出面积约2．5km^2的激电异常。激电异常与化探异常基本吻合，应为同源异常。经验证，新地沟和卯独庆激电异常均为原生矿体引起，表明综合物化探方法是寻找隐伏矿体的最廉价、最适用、最有效的方法。     

滦平上侏罗统—下白垩统扇三角洲露头层序地层学研究

在油田开发中,地层划分与对比是十分重要的研究内容,从油田开发到调整等各个阶段,对地层划分与对比的要求越来越高。但油田地下资料是有限的,第一,当井网密度达到一定程度时,不是可以无限制加密的;第二,油田所能获取的占绝对优势的地下信息是通过测井,而测井分辨率又是有限的。所以,高分辨率层序地层学被广泛应用和发展的过程中,野外露头研究是必不可少的。笔者以露头资料为研究对象,对露头区扇三角洲高频层序、准层序、准层序组的剖面识别标志进行了总结,定量研究了不同成因类型砂体的分布规律、几何形态、内部结构和非均质性。把高分辨率层序界面的露头标志向井下岩心和测井信息进行转化,并在露头研究的基础上总结层序地层对比的一般原则。