吉林省东南部半山区高效生态农业模式研究——以吉林省柳河县圣水镇为例

根据圣水镇小流域自然和社会经济状况以及区域国民经济发展的要求,以圣水镇小流域为主体,进行试验与示范。开展了水土流失综合治理模式和生态农业模式研究,同时进行生态经济效益监测和评价,在此基础上构成高效生态农业模式,建立具有水土保持兼高效生态经济功能的综合农业复合生态系统,实现半山区小流域开发建设中经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的协调与统一,在半山区及其类似地区有应用前景和推广价值。     

球面交切法地震定位

提出了适合于近震及远震定位的球面交切法。该方法在球面上直接进行交切运算,只要知道3个以上台站的S-P到时差(或只要根据震相求出震中距)就能快速定出震中位置,台网布局、震源深度、发震时刻对震中定位的影响较小。使用该方法对三峡水库蓄水以后发生的较大地震进行了精确定位,结果表明其应用效果较好。     

CA FCM方案与其它几种人工增雨评估方案的比较

对河南省12次飞机增雨作业,分别采用作业区域趋势对比双比分析评估方案、区域趋势相关回归分析方案、区域趋势协变量多元回归分析方案、浮动对比区历史回归分析方案（FCM）、以降水量为协变量的CAFCM（ClusterAnalysis〖CD*2〗based Floating Control historical regression Method）方案和以降水量和整层大气可降水量为协变量的CAFCM方案进行效果评估,均得到大于15％的相对增雨量。对结果比较分析表明：协变量由降水量和整层大气降水量两个组成的C     

国际河流流域组织研究述评与展望

作为国际河流长期合作开发的重要保障,国际河流流域组织这一联合制度安排备受关注,但参差不齐的绩效表现致使其可行性与有效性引发学者质疑。我国拥有众多国际河流,与之相关的合作开发是中国周边外交的重要抓手,但针对上述问题的研究未能得到国内学者的足够重视。在此背景下,文章首先回顾、梳理了国际河流流域组织的定义与类型,然后重点研判其制度设计特征和有效性,并指明已有研究所面临的方法困境,最后为解开“流域组织如何促进国际河流有效合作”这一难题提出以下研究建议：1）整合国际河流流域组织有效性评价指标并进行全球范围的评价;2）探明国际河流流域组织制度类型所适用的范围与条件;3）厘清不同国际河流流域组织制度设计特征与治理有效性的关系;4）基于过程视角探求国际河流流域组织有效性达成路径;5）采用超越定性与定量研究的新方法;6）立足地缘文明激发国际河流流域组织成员国的文化认同。     

Three-dimensional analysis of the screening effectiveness of hollow pile barriers for foundation-induced vertical vibration

The study applies the three-dimensional boundary element method in frequency domain to investigate the screening effectiveness of circular piles in a row for a massless square foundation subject to harmonic vertical loading. Four types of piles were studied: steel pipe piles, concrete hollow piles, concrete solid piles and timber piles. A parametric study was undertaken to examine the effects of pile dimensions, operational frequency, and source distance on the screening effectiveness. The results showed that screening effectiveness of steel pipe piles is generally better than that of solid piles, and that a concrete hollow pile barrier can be ineffective due to its stiffness. The influence of pile length on screening effectiveness is more significant than that of pile spacing and the distance between the vibrating foundation and the pile barrier.     

海南省暖云烟炉设置及人工增雨作业条件分析

用地面烟炉开展人工增雨作业的关键环节是作业点附近的上升气流,利用海南省昌江霸王岭、东方玉龙山、乐东付光和五指山毛阳4个烟炉作业点附近的自动站和海口多普勒雷达资料并结合作业点地形特点对烟炉作业点布设条件和作业条件进行了分析,采用高斯模式对催化剂扩散情况进行了数值模拟。结果显示:这4个烟炉作业点均位于一定海拔的迎风坡,可利用上升气流将催化剂带入云中进行催化。综合利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、MICAPS资料和雷达数据确定作业时机,开展暖云烟炉人工增雨作业,增雨效果明显。     

Model Simulations of Carbon Sequestration in the Northwest Pacific by Direct Injection

The direct disposal of CO₂ into the ocean interior represents a possible means to help mitigate rising levels of atmospheric CO₂. Here, we use three different versions of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to simulate the direct injection of liquid CO₂ near Tokyo. Our results confirm that direct injection can sequester large amounts of CO₂ from the atmosphere when disposal is made at sufficient depth (80–100% of the carbon injected at 3000 m remains in the ocean after 500 years) but show that the calculated efficiency is rather sensitive to the choice of physical model. Moreover, we show, for the first time in an OGCM and under a reasonable set of economic assumptions, that sequestration effectiveness is quite high for even shallow injections. However, the severe acidification that accompanies injection and the impossibility of effectively monitoring injected plumes argue against the large-scale viability of this technology. Our coarse-grid models show that injection at the rate of 0.1 Pg-C/yr lowers pH near the site of injection by as much as 0.7–1.0 pH-unit. Such pH anomalies would be much larger in more finely gridded models (and in reality) and have potential to severely harm deep-sea organisms. We also show that, after several hundred years, one would effectively need to survey the entire ocean in order to accurately verify the inventory of injected carbon. These results suggest that while retention may be sufficient to justify disposal costs, other practical problems will limit or at best delay widespread deployment of this technology.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of road‐crossing drainage culverts in ephemeral streams

The present study proposes a method for evaluating the effectiveness of road‐crossing drainage culverts in ephemeral streams. This approach is focused on estimating the culvert capacity in road–stream crossings and the probable runoff generated on the road from hydrological thresholds associated with hydromorphological criteria. In particular, discharges at bankfull and flood‐prone stages have been used in combination with 2.5 and 100‐year peak discharges. Different hydraulic variables have been considered for calculating the discharge through culverts under these conditions (e.g. tailwater and headwater depth, inlet control, pipe roughness, pipe cross‐area and slope, pipe outlet velocity, critical water depth, and flow rate over the road). Geomorphological factors such as bed stability, bed load transport, and channel roughness have also been considered because of their potential for obstructing the drains in this type of channel. In addition, a potential obstruction index (PI_OBSTR) has been calculated, as a dependent parameter of the obstacle index (I_OBST) and the potential build‐up of coarse sediments (PB_CS). The study has been carried out on the Mediterranean coast in the region of Murcia (Spain), where there are numerous examples of road–stream crossings equipped with culverts in ephemeral channels that could cause highly dangerous situations for road traffic. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热带雨林景观土壤测量采样深度与样品粒级试验研究——以加纳国雅卡锰金矿为例

加纳国雅卡锰金矿床位于著名的阿散蒂金矿带上。在该成矿带进行土壤测量采样深度、样品粒级试验以及方法技术的适应性和有效性研究,可为下一步开展大面积土壤地球化学测量提供技术依据,从而圈定可靠土壤地球化学异常。本文采用的工作方法为土壤垂向剖面法,选择有代表性的地段进行试验研究,结果显示在已知矿上方获得了明显的土壤地球化学异常。通过实验研究,选取土壤测量采样深度60～80 cm,截取样品粒级-4～+20目,获得了可靠、明显的土壤地球化学异常。研究证明该方法具有显著的地球化学找矿效果。     

福建周宁水库地面暖云人工增雨作业效果分析

利用2012年4月至2013年8月期间在福建省周宁水库开展的地面烟炉暖云人工增雨试验资料,结合区域对比试验方法对每次暖云人工增雨作业进行效果评估,探讨暖云人工增雨的作业效果。结果表明：周宁水库开展地面暖云人工增雨作业的平均增雨量为51 mm;在西南暖湿气流影响下的暖云增雨效果最明显;采用多点及多时次暖云人工增雨作业方式,有利于提高人工增雨的作业效果。通过作业效果分析,地面烟炉暖云人工增雨技术适合于南方山区。